Professor Fionnuala Ní Aoláin holds both the Regents Professorship at the University of Minnesota, and Robina Chair in Law, Public Policy and Society at the University of Minnesota Law School and is Professor of Law at the University of Ulster's Transitional Justice Institute in Belfast, Northern Ireland. In 2003, she was appointed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations as Special Expert on promoting gender equality in times of conflict and peace-making. In 2011, she completed a Study on Reparations for Conflict Related Sexual Violence for the OHCHR and UN WOMEN. She has served as an Expert Consultant for the International Criminal Court and the Council of Europe. Her book Law in Times of Crisis was awarded the American Society of International Law's preeminent prize in 2007 - the Certificate of Merit for creative scholarship. Naomi Cahn is Justice Anthony M. Kennedy Distinguished Professor of Law and Nancy L. Buc '69 Research Professor in Democracy and Equity atUniversity of Virginia School of Law. She has written numerous law review articles and books in the areas of family law, international law, and domestic violence, including On the Frontlines: Gender, War, and the Post-Conflict Process (co-authored with Professors Fionnuala Ní Aoláin and Dina Haynes (OUP 2011)). Professor Cahn has been a long-time member of the Executive Committee of the Women in International Law Interest Group (WILIG) of the American Society of International Law. From 2002 to 2004, Professor Cahn was on leave in Kinshasa, Congo where she worked on issues concerning international criminal justice and sexual violence. Dina Francesca Haynes is Professor of Law at New England Lawinternational organizations (Director General of the Human Rights Department for the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Human Rights Advisor to the OSCE in Serbia and Montenegro, Protection Officer with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) and has received assignments with the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. Professor Haynes was also an attorney for the United States Department of Justice and clerked on the Constitutional Court of South Africa. She researches, writes, and engages in policy work and legal advocacy in the areas of human trafficking, international organizations, post-conflict reconstruction, human rights law, immigration, refugee law and migration. Nahla Valji is the Senior Gender Adviser in the United Nations' Executive Office of the Secretary-General. Prior to this she was the Acting Chief/ Deputy Chief of the Peace and Security section in UN Women's headquarters in New York, where she led f theorganization's work on peacekeeping, peace negotiations, transitional justice, and rule of law, involving both global programming and policy work, particularly with regards to the Security Council. She headed the Secretariat for the Global Study on implementation of resolution 1325, a comprehensive study requested by the Security Council for the 15-year review of women, peace and security and was the founder and editor of the International Journal of Transitional Justice published by Oxford University Press. Prior to joining the UN, Nahla worked in South Africa, where she led the regional transitional justice work of the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation and managed the African Transitional Justice Research Network.

• AcknowledgmentsEditors and Contributors Biographies Forewords Introduction I. Background and Context 1. Theories of War Laura Sjoberg 2. From Women and War to Gender and Conflict? Feminist Trajectories Dubravka Zarkov 3. The Silences in the Rules that Regulate Women during Times of Armed ConflictJudith Gardam 4. How Should we Explain the Recurrence of Violent Conflict, and What Might Gender Have to do with it?Judy El-Bushra 5. The Gendered Nexus Between Conflict and Citizenship in Historical PerspectiveJo Butterfield and Elizabeth Heineman 6. Violent Conflict and Changes in Gender Economic Roles: Implications for Post-Conflict Economic RecoveryPatricia Justino 7. Men As VictimsChris Dolan II. The Security Council's WPS Agenda/Contemporary Survey 8. Women, Peace and Security: A Critical Analysis of the Security Council's VisionDianne Otto 9. Participation and Protection: Security Council Dynamics, Bureaucratic Politics and the Evolution of the Women, Peace and Security AgendaAnne Marie Goetz and Rob Jenkins 10. A Critical Genealogy of the Centrality of Sexual Violence to Gender and ConflictKaren Engle 11. 1325 +15 = Reflections on the Women, Peace and Security AgendaKimberly Theidon 12. Complemenentarity and Convergence? Women, Peace and Security and the Counterterrorism AgendaNaureen Chowdhury Fink and Alison Davidian 13. Convergence Between CEDAW and Security Council Resolution 1325: Unlocking the Potential of CEDAW as an Important Accountability Tool for the Women, Peace and Security AgendaPramilla Patten 14. Indicators and Benchmarks Pablo Castillo-Diaz and Hanny Cueva-Beteta III. Legal and Political Elements 15. Humanitarian Intervention and Gender DynamicsGina Heathcote 16. (Re)Considering the Gender Jurisprudence of ConflictPatricia Viseur Sellers 17. Complementarity as a Catalyst for Gender Justice in National ProsecutionsAmrita Kapur 18. Forced Marriage During Conflict and Mass AtrocityValerie Oosterveld 19. Advancing Justice and Making Amends through Reparations - Legal and Operational ConsiderationsKristin Kalla 20. ColonialismAmina Mama 21. Conflict, Displacement and Refugees Lucy Hovil 22. Gender and Forms of Conflict; The Moral Hazards of Dating the Security CouncilVasuki Nesiah IV. Conflict and Post-Conflict Space 23. The Martial Rape of Girls and Women in Antiquity and ModernityKathy L. Gaca 24. "Mind the Gap:" Measuring and Understanding Gendered Conflict ExperiencesAmelia Hoover Green 25. Intersectionality: Working in ConflictEilish Rooney 26. Agency and Gender Norms in War EconomiesPatti Petesch 27. Risk and Resilience: The Physical and Mental Health of Female Civilians During WarLauren C. Ng and Theresa S. Betancourt 28. The Gender Implications of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Conflict SituationsBarbara Frey 29. Unmanned Weapons: Looking for the Gender DimensionChristof Heyns and Tess Borden 30. Gender and PeacekeepingSabrina Karim and Marsha Henry 31. Peacekeeping, Human Trafficking, and Sexual Abuse and ExploitationMartina Vandenberg 32. Women, Peace Negotiations and Peace Agreements: Opportunities and ChallengesChristine Bell 33. Women's Organizations and Peace InitiativesAili Mari Tripp 34. Gender and Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration: Reviewing and Advancing the FieldDyan Mazurana, Roxanne Krystalli and Anton Baaré 35. Decolonial feminism, gender and transitional justicePascha Bueno-Hansen 36. Gender and Governance in post-conflict and democratizing settingsLisa Kindervater and Sheila Meintjes V. Case Studies 37. Who Defines the Red Lines? The Prospects for Safeguarding Women's Rights and Securing their Future in Post-Transition AfghanistanSari Kouvo and Corey Levine 38. "That's Not my Daughter": The Paradoxes of Documenting Jihadist Mass Rape in 1990's Algeria and BeyondKarima Bennoune 39. Consequences of Conflict Related Sexual Violence on Post-Conflict Society: Case Study of Bosnia and HerzegovinaLejla Hadzimesic 40. Colombia: Gender and Land RestitutionDonny Meertens 41. Knowing Gender and/in Armed Conflict?: Reflections from Research in the DRCMaria Eriksson Baaz and Maria Stern 42. Northern Ireland: The Significance of A Bottom Up Women's Movement in a Politically Contested SocietyMonica McWilliams and Avila Kilmurray 43. Gendered Suffering and the Eviction of the Native: The Politics of Birth in Occupied East JerusalemNadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian 44. Rwanda: Women's Political Participation in Post-Conflict State-BuildingDoris Buss and Jerusa Ali 45. Sri Lanka: The Impact of Militarization on WomenAmbika Satkunanathan

Professor Fionnuala Ní Aoláin holds both the Regents Professorship at the University of Minnesota, and Robina Chair in Law, Public Policy and Society at the University of Minnesota Law School and is Professor of Law at the University of Ulster's Transitional Justice Institute in Belfast, Northern Ireland. In 2003, she was appointed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations as Special Expert on promoting gender equality in times of conflict and peace-making. In 2011, she completed a Study on Reparations for Conflict Related Sexual Violence for the OHCHR and UN WOMEN. She has served as an Expert Consultant for the International Criminal Court and the Council of Europe. Her book Law in Times of Crisis was awarded the American Society of International Law's preeminent prize in 2007 - the Certificate of Merit for creative scholarship. Naomi Cahn is Justice Anthony M. Kennedy Distinguished Professor of Law and Nancy L. Buc '69 Research Professor in Democracy and Equity atUniversity of Virginia School of Law. She has written numerous law review articles and books in the areas of family law, international law, and domestic violence, including On the Frontlines: Gender, War, and the Post-Conflict Process (co-authored with Professors Fionnuala Ní Aoláin and Dina Haynes (OUP 2011)). Professor Cahn has been a long-time member of the Executive Committee of the Women in International Law Interest Group (WILIG) of the American Society of International Law. From 2002 to 2004, Professor Cahn was on leave in Kinshasa, Congo where she worked on issues concerning international criminal justice and sexual violence. Dina Francesca Haynes is Professor of Law at New England Lawinternational organizations (Director General of the Human Rights Department for the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Human Rights Advisor to the OSCE in Serbia and Montenegro, Protection Officer with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) and has received assignments with the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. Professor Haynes was also an attorney for the United States Department of Justice and clerked on the Constitutional Court of South Africa. She researches, writes, and engages in policy work and legal advocacy in the areas of human trafficking, international organizations, post-conflict reconstruction, human rights law, immigration, refugee law and migration. Nahla Valji is the Senior Gender Adviser in the United Nations' Executive Office of the Secretary-General. Prior to this she was the Acting Chief/ Deputy Chief of the Peace and Security section in UN Women's headquarters in New York, where she led f theorganization's work on peacekeeping, peace negotiations, transitional justice, and rule of law, involving both global programming and policy work, particularly with regards to the Security Council. She headed the Secretariat for the Global Study on implementation of resolution 1325, a comprehensive study requested by the Security Council for the 15-year review of women, peace and security and was the founder and editor of the International Journal of Transitional Justice published by Oxford University Press. Prior to joining the UN, Nahla worked in South Africa, where she led the regional transitional justice work of the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation and managed the African Transitional Justice Research Network.

• AcknowledgmentsEditors and Contributors Biographies Forewords Introduction I. Background and Context 1. Theories of War Laura Sjoberg 2. From Women and War to Gender and Conflict? Feminist Trajectories Dubravka Zarkov 3. The Silences in the Rules that Regulate Women during Times of Armed ConflictJudith Gardam 4. How Should we Explain the Recurrence of Violent Conflict, and What Might Gender Have to do with it?Judy El-Bushra 5. The Gendered Nexus Between Conflict and Citizenship in Historical PerspectiveJo Butterfield and Elizabeth Heineman 6. Violent Conflict and Changes in Gender Economic Roles: Implications for Post-Conflict Economic RecoveryPatricia Justino 7. Men As VictimsChris Dolan II. The Security Council's WPS Agenda/Contemporary Survey 8. Women, Peace and Security: A Critical Analysis of the Security Council's VisionDianne Otto 9. Participation and Protection: Security Council Dynamics, Bureaucratic Politics and the Evolution of the Women, Peace and Security AgendaAnne Marie Goetz and Rob Jenkins 10. A Critical Genealogy of the Centrality of Sexual Violence to Gender and ConflictKaren Engle 11. 1325 +15 = Reflections on the Women, Peace and Security AgendaKimberly Theidon 12. Complemenentarity and Convergence? Women, Peace and Security and the Counterterrorism AgendaNaureen Chowdhury Fink and Alison Davidian 13. Convergence Between CEDAW and Security Council Resolution 1325: Unlocking the Potential of CEDAW as an Important Accountability Tool for the Women, Peace and Security AgendaPramilla Patten 14. Indicators and Benchmarks Pablo Castillo-Diaz and Hanny Cueva-Beteta III. Legal and Political Elements 15. Humanitarian Intervention and Gender DynamicsGina Heathcote 16. (Re)Considering the Gender Jurisprudence of ConflictPatricia Viseur Sellers 17. Complementarity as a Catalyst for Gender Justice in National ProsecutionsAmrita Kapur 18. Forced Marriage During Conflict and Mass AtrocityValerie Oosterveld 19. Advancing Justice and Making Amends through Reparations - Legal and Operational ConsiderationsKristin Kalla 20. ColonialismAmina Mama 21. Conflict, Displacement and Refugees Lucy Hovil 22. Gender and Forms of Conflict; The Moral Hazards of Dating the Security CouncilVasuki Nesiah IV. Conflict and Post-Conflict Space 23. The Martial Rape of Girls and Women in Antiquity and ModernityKathy L. Gaca 24. "Mind the Gap:" Measuring and Understanding Gendered Conflict ExperiencesAmelia Hoover Green 25. Intersectionality: Working in ConflictEilish Rooney 26. Agency and Gender Norms in War EconomiesPatti Petesch 27. Risk and Resilience: The Physical and Mental Health of Female Civilians During WarLauren C. Ng and Theresa S. Betancourt 28. The Gender Implications of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Conflict SituationsBarbara Frey 29. Unmanned Weapons: Looking for the Gender DimensionChristof Heyns and Tess Borden 30. Gender and PeacekeepingSabrina Karim and Marsha Henry 31. Peacekeeping, Human Trafficking, and Sexual Abuse and ExploitationMartina Vandenberg 32. Women, Peace Negotiations and Peace Agreements: Opportunities and ChallengesChristine Bell 33. Women's Organizations and Peace InitiativesAili Mari Tripp 34. Gender and Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration: Reviewing and Advancing the FieldDyan Mazurana, Roxanne Krystalli and Anton Baaré 35. Decolonial feminism, gender and transitional justicePascha Bueno-Hansen 36. Gender and Governance in post-conflict and democratizing settingsLisa Kindervater and Sheila Meintjes V. Case Studies 37. Who Defines the Red Lines? The Prospects for Safeguarding Women's Rights and Securing their Future in Post-Transition AfghanistanSari Kouvo and Corey Levine 38. "That's Not my Daughter": The Paradoxes of Documenting Jihadist Mass Rape in 1990's Algeria and BeyondKarima Bennoune 39. Consequences of Conflict Related Sexual Violence on Post-Conflict Society: Case Study of Bosnia and HerzegovinaLejla Hadzimesic 40. Colombia: Gender and Land RestitutionDonny Meertens 41. Knowing Gender and/in Armed Conflict?: Reflections from Research in the DRCMaria Eriksson Baaz and Maria Stern 42. Northern Ireland: The Significance of A Bottom Up Women's Movement in a Politically Contested SocietyMonica McWilliams and Avila Kilmurray 43. Gendered Suffering and the Eviction of the Native: The Politics of Birth in Occupied East JerusalemNadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian 44. Rwanda: Women's Political Participation in Post-Conflict State-BuildingDoris Buss and Jerusa Ali 45. Sri Lanka: The Impact of Militarization on WomenAmbika Satkunanathan

Professor Fionnuala Ní Aoláin holds both the Regents Professorship at the University of Minnesota, and Robina Chair in Law, Public Policy and Society at the University of Minnesota Law School and is Professor of Law at the University of Ulster's Transitional Justice Institute in Belfast, Northern Ireland. In 2003, she was appointed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations as Special Expert on promoting gender equality in times of conflict and peace-making. In 2011, she completed a Study on Reparations for Conflict Related Sexual Violence for the OHCHR and UN WOMEN. She has served as an Expert Consultant for the International Criminal Court and the Council of Europe. Her book Law in Times of Crisis was awarded the American Society of International Law's preeminent prize in 2007 - the Certificate of Merit for creative scholarship. Naomi Cahn is Justice Anthony M. Kennedy Distinguished Professor of Law and Nancy L. Buc '69 Research Professor in Democracy and Equity atUniversity of Virginia School of Law. She has written numerous law review articles and books in the areas of family law, international law, and domestic violence, including On the Frontlines: Gender, War, and the Post-Conflict Process (co-authored with Professors Fionnuala Ní Aoláin and Dina Haynes (OUP 2011)). Professor Cahn has been a long-time member of the Executive Committee of the Women in International Law Interest Group (WILIG) of the American Society of International Law. From 2002 to 2004, Professor Cahn was on leave in Kinshasa, Congo where she worked on issues concerning international criminal justice and sexual violence. Dina Francesca Haynes is Professor of Law at New England Lawinternational organizations (Director General of the Human Rights Department for the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Human Rights Advisor to the OSCE in Serbia and Montenegro, Protection Officer with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) and has received assignments with the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. Professor Haynes was also an attorney for the United States Department of Justice and clerked on the Constitutional Court of South Africa. She researches, writes, and engages in policy work and legal advocacy in the areas of human trafficking, international organizations, post-conflict reconstruction, human rights law, immigration, refugee law and migration. Nahla Valji is the Senior Gender Adviser in the United Nations' Executive Office of the Secretary-General. Prior to this she was the Acting Chief/ Deputy Chief of the Peace and Security section in UN Women's headquarters in New York, where she led f theorganization's work on peacekeeping, peace negotiations, transitional justice, and rule of law, involving both global programming and policy work, particularly with regards to the Security Council. She headed the Secretariat for the Global Study on implementation of resolution 1325, a comprehensive study requested by the Security Council for the 15-year review of women, peace and security and was the founder and editor of the International Journal of Transitional Justice published by Oxford University Press. Prior to joining the UN, Nahla worked in South Africa, where she led the regional transitional justice work of the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation and managed the African Transitional Justice Research Network.

• AcknowledgmentsEditors and Contributors Biographies Forewords Introduction I. Background and Context 1. Theories of War Laura Sjoberg 2. From Women and War to Gender and Conflict? Feminist Trajectories Dubravka Zarkov 3. The Silences in the Rules that Regulate Women during Times of Armed ConflictJudith Gardam 4. How Should we Explain the Recurrence of Violent Conflict, and What Might Gender Have to do with it?Judy El-Bushra 5. The Gendered Nexus Between Conflict and Citizenship in Historical PerspectiveJo Butterfield and Elizabeth Heineman 6. Violent Conflict and Changes in Gender Economic Roles: Implications for Post-Conflict Economic RecoveryPatricia Justino 7. Men As VictimsChris Dolan II. The Security Council's WPS Agenda/Contemporary Survey 8. Women, Peace and Security: A Critical Analysis of the Security Council's VisionDianne Otto 9. Participation and Protection: Security Council Dynamics, Bureaucratic Politics and the Evolution of the Women, Peace and Security AgendaAnne Marie Goetz and Rob Jenkins 10. A Critical Genealogy of the Centrality of Sexual Violence to Gender and ConflictKaren Engle 11. 1325 +15 = Reflections on the Women, Peace and Security AgendaKimberly Theidon 12. Complemenentarity and Convergence? Women, Peace and Security and the Counterterrorism AgendaNaureen Chowdhury Fink and Alison Davidian 13. Convergence Between CEDAW and Security Council Resolution 1325: Unlocking the Potential of CEDAW as an Important Accountability Tool for the Women, Peace and Security AgendaPramilla Patten 14. Indicators and Benchmarks Pablo Castillo-Diaz and Hanny Cueva-Beteta III. Legal and Political Elements 15. Humanitarian Intervention and Gender DynamicsGina Heathcote 16. (Re)Considering the Gender Jurisprudence of ConflictPatricia Viseur Sellers 17. Complementarity as a Catalyst for Gender Justice in National ProsecutionsAmrita Kapur 18. Forced Marriage During Conflict and Mass AtrocityValerie Oosterveld 19. Advancing Justice and Making Amends through Reparations - Legal and Operational ConsiderationsKristin Kalla 20. ColonialismAmina Mama 21. Conflict, Displacement and Refugees Lucy Hovil 22. Gender and Forms of Conflict; The Moral Hazards of Dating the Security CouncilVasuki Nesiah IV. Conflict and Post-Conflict Space 23. The Martial Rape of Girls and Women in Antiquity and ModernityKathy L. Gaca 24. "Mind the Gap:" Measuring and Understanding Gendered Conflict ExperiencesAmelia Hoover Green 25. Intersectionality: Working in ConflictEilish Rooney 26. Agency and Gender Norms in War EconomiesPatti Petesch 27. Risk and Resilience: The Physical and Mental Health of Female Civilians During WarLauren C. Ng and Theresa S. Betancourt 28. The Gender Implications of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Conflict SituationsBarbara Frey 29. Unmanned Weapons: Looking for the Gender DimensionChristof Heyns and Tess Borden 30. Gender and PeacekeepingSabrina Karim and Marsha Henry 31. Peacekeeping, Human Trafficking, and Sexual Abuse and ExploitationMartina Vandenberg 32. Women, Peace Negotiations and Peace Agreements: Opportunities and ChallengesChristine Bell 33. Women's Organizations and Peace InitiativesAili Mari Tripp 34. Gender and Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration: Reviewing and Advancing the FieldDyan Mazurana, Roxanne Krystalli and Anton Baaré 35. Decolonial feminism, gender and transitional justicePascha Bueno-Hansen 36. Gender and Governance in post-conflict and democratizing settingsLisa Kindervater and Sheila Meintjes V. Case Studies 37. Who Defines the Red Lines? The Prospects for Safeguarding Women's Rights and Securing their Future in Post-Transition AfghanistanSari Kouvo and Corey Levine 38. "That's Not my Daughter": The Paradoxes of Documenting Jihadist Mass Rape in 1990's Algeria and BeyondKarima Bennoune 39. Consequences of Conflict Related Sexual Violence on Post-Conflict Society: Case Study of Bosnia and HerzegovinaLejla Hadzimesic 40. Colombia: Gender and Land RestitutionDonny Meertens 41. Knowing Gender and/in Armed Conflict?: Reflections from Research in the DRCMaria Eriksson Baaz and Maria Stern 42. Northern Ireland: The Significance of A Bottom Up Women's Movement in a Politically Contested SocietyMonica McWilliams and Avila Kilmurray 43. Gendered Suffering and the Eviction of the Native: The Politics of Birth in Occupied East JerusalemNadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian 44. Rwanda: Women's Political Participation in Post-Conflict State-BuildingDoris Buss and Jerusa Ali 45. Sri Lanka: The Impact of Militarization on WomenAmbika Satkunanathan