David Pyrooz is Professor of Sociology at the University of Colorado Boulder. He is the author of four books, including On Gangs and Competing for Control: Gangs and the Social Order of Prisons, the latter of which received the Outstanding Book Award from the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences.James Densley is Professor and Department Chair of Criminology and Criminal Justice at Metro State University. Densley is the author of eight books, including How Gangs Work and On Gangs; more than 50 peer-reviewed articles in leading scientific journals; and over 100 book chapters, essays, and other works in outlets such as Time magazine, The Wall Street Journal, and The Washington Post. John Leverso is an Assistant Professor at the University of Cincinnati in the School of Criminal Justice. He is a sociological criminologist whose research investigates the urban street gang and later life consequences of justice involvement focusing on race/ethnicity, gender, andinteractions on the digital street.

• 1. Introduction to the OUP Handbook of Gangs and SocietyDavid C. Pyrooz, James A. Densley, and John Leverso Section 1: Revisiting Definitions in the 21st Century 2. The Eurogang definition: Context, development, scrutiny, and debate (including a conversation with Malcolm Klein)Frank Weerman and Scott Decker3. What gangs aren't: Contrasting gangs with other collectivesMartin Bouchard, Karine Descormiers, and Alysha Girn4. A relational approach to street gangsAndrew V. Papachristos, John Leverso, and David Hureau5. Gangs in practice: Violence prevention, law enforcement, and the received idea of the <"gang> " David Kennedy6. The social construction of the American street gangPatrick Lopez-Aguado7. Gang identity across the life courseSou Lee and Bryan F. Bubolz8. Place matters: Geographers and gang membersStefano Bloch Section 2: Approaches to the Empirical Study of Gangs 9. The history and evolution of gang scholarship: A topic modeling and change point detection approachJason Gravel10. Funding gang research to advance policy and practicePhelan A. Wyrick, Barbara Tatem Kelley, and Mary Poulin Carlton11. The National Youth Gang Survey: Past, present, and futureMeagan Cahill, James C. Howell, and Arlen Egley Jr.12. Historical gang research methods: An overviewMitchel Roth13. Critical approaches to gangsTilman Schwarze and Alistair Fraser14. Women in gang research: An overviewMarta-Marika Urbanik and Sandra M. Bucerius15. Indigenous gangs and gang research Adrienne Freng and Hannah St. Clair16. Studying gangs in Central and South America: Reflections on gender and researcher positionalityMaría José Méndez and Ellen Van Damme17. Gang research in the CaribbeanEdward R. Maguire Section 3: Core and Emerging Issues18. What is gang culture? Three conceptualizations of an elusive conceptCaylin Louis Moore and Forrest Stuart19. Masculinities and respect in the group context of gangs Lorine A. Hughes and Lisa M. Broidy20. Birds of a feather? Individual differences and gang membershipJennifer J. Tostlebe and Jose Antonio Sanchez 21. Rational choice, gang membership, and crime: Moving actors and choice to center stageKyle J. Thomas22. Psychopathology as a cause or consequence of youth gang involvementPatricia K. Kerig, Lucybel Mendez, Ava Alexander, and Susan Chen23. The emerging frontier: Gangs in developing countriesHerbert C. Covey24. Gang ecological diversity in the Hollenbeck area of Los Angeles, 1978-2012P. Jeffrey Brantingham and Matthew Valasik Section 4: Gangs in Institutional Context25. Storming the capital: The place of street capital and social capital within gangsSimon Harding and Ross Deuchar26. On gangs and family: Primary, secondary, and surrogate familyGabriel T. Cesar, D'Andre Walker, and Tiffany Fernandez27. Linking education and criminology research to understand the schooling experiences of gang youth and adultsAdrian H. Huerta28. Religion and gangs: An introduction to the isolated and integrated affiliation modelsTimothy R. Lauger and Haleigh Kubiniec29. Re-examining the literature on social media and gangs: Critical race theory as a path for new opportunitiesCaitlin Elsaesser and Desmond Patton30. Comparative approaches to the study of prison gangs and prison orderDavid Skarbek and Kaitlyn Woltz31. Transnational gangs? Understanding migration and gangsJosé Miguel Cruz and Jonathan D. Rosen Section 5: Legacies of Second-Generation Researchers32. The legacy of Scott H. DeckerDavid C. Pyrooz and Richard K. Moule Jr.33. The legacy of Finn-Aage EsbensenDena C. Carson, Adrienne Freng, Chris Melde, and Dana Peterson34. The legacy of John M. HagedornRoberto R. Aspholm35. The legacy of Cheryl L. MaxsonShannon E. Reid36. The legacy of Joan W. MooreJames Diego Vigil37. The legacy of James Diego VigilMike Tapia and E. Mark Moreno Section 6: Responding to Gangs38. Clinical intervention for gang-involved youth: Toward an empirically validated modelPaul Boxer, Joanna Kubik, and Stephanie Marcello39. No public benefit: The Placentia gang injunction opposition campaignSean Garcia-Leys and Jesse Engel40. <"Somebody's watching me:> " Surveying police surveillance of gangsMatthew Valasik and P. Jeffrey Brantingham41. Policing gangs: Five reasons why traditional strategies failMadeleine Novich42. Defund the police? Considerations for reducing gang violence Anthony A. Braga, John M. MacDonald, and George Tita43. Making sense of the models: Continuities and differences across prominent gang/group gun violence intervention modelsJesse Jannetta, Paige S. Thompson, and Lily Robin

David Pyrooz is Professor of Sociology at the University of Colorado Boulder. He is the author of four books, including On Gangs and Competing for Control: Gangs and the Social Order of Prisons, the latter of which received the Outstanding Book Award from the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences.James Densley is Professor and Department Chair of Criminology and Criminal Justice at Metro State University. Densley is the author of eight books, including How Gangs Work and On Gangs; more than 50 peer-reviewed articles in leading scientific journals; and over 100 book chapters, essays, and other works in outlets such as Time magazine, The Wall Street Journal, and The Washington Post. John Leverso is an Assistant Professor at the University of Cincinnati in the School of Criminal Justice. He is a sociological criminologist whose research investigates the urban street gang and later life consequences of justice involvement focusing on race/ethnicity, gender, andinteractions on the digital street.

• 1. Introduction to the OUP Handbook of Gangs and SocietyDavid C. Pyrooz, James A. Densley, and John Leverso Section 1: Revisiting Definitions in the 21st Century 2. The Eurogang definition: Context, development, scrutiny, and debate (including a conversation with Malcolm Klein)Frank Weerman and Scott Decker3. What gangs aren't: Contrasting gangs with other collectivesMartin Bouchard, Karine Descormiers, and Alysha Girn4. A relational approach to street gangsAndrew V. Papachristos, John Leverso, and David Hureau5. Gangs in practice: Violence prevention, law enforcement, and the received idea of the <"gang> " David Kennedy6. The social construction of the American street gangPatrick Lopez-Aguado7. Gang identity across the life courseSou Lee and Bryan F. Bubolz8. Place matters: Geographers and gang membersStefano Bloch Section 2: Approaches to the Empirical Study of Gangs 9. The history and evolution of gang scholarship: A topic modeling and change point detection approachJason Gravel10. Funding gang research to advance policy and practicePhelan A. Wyrick, Barbara Tatem Kelley, and Mary Poulin Carlton11. The National Youth Gang Survey: Past, present, and futureMeagan Cahill, James C. Howell, and Arlen Egley Jr.12. Historical gang research methods: An overviewMitchel Roth13. Critical approaches to gangsTilman Schwarze and Alistair Fraser14. Women in gang research: An overviewMarta-Marika Urbanik and Sandra M. Bucerius15. Indigenous gangs and gang research Adrienne Freng and Hannah St. Clair16. Studying gangs in Central and South America: Reflections on gender and researcher positionalityMaría José Méndez and Ellen Van Damme17. Gang research in the CaribbeanEdward R. Maguire Section 3: Core and Emerging Issues18. What is gang culture? Three conceptualizations of an elusive conceptCaylin Louis Moore and Forrest Stuart19. Masculinities and respect in the group context of gangs Lorine A. Hughes and Lisa M. Broidy20. Birds of a feather? Individual differences and gang membershipJennifer J. Tostlebe and Jose Antonio Sanchez 21. Rational choice, gang membership, and crime: Moving actors and choice to center stageKyle J. Thomas22. Psychopathology as a cause or consequence of youth gang involvementPatricia K. Kerig, Lucybel Mendez, Ava Alexander, and Susan Chen23. The emerging frontier: Gangs in developing countriesHerbert C. Covey24. Gang ecological diversity in the Hollenbeck area of Los Angeles, 1978-2012P. Jeffrey Brantingham and Matthew Valasik Section 4: Gangs in Institutional Context25. Storming the capital: The place of street capital and social capital within gangsSimon Harding and Ross Deuchar26. On gangs and family: Primary, secondary, and surrogate familyGabriel T. Cesar, D'Andre Walker, and Tiffany Fernandez27. Linking education and criminology research to understand the schooling experiences of gang youth and adultsAdrian H. Huerta28. Religion and gangs: An introduction to the isolated and integrated affiliation modelsTimothy R. Lauger and Haleigh Kubiniec29. Re-examining the literature on social media and gangs: Critical race theory as a path for new opportunitiesCaitlin Elsaesser and Desmond Patton30. Comparative approaches to the study of prison gangs and prison orderDavid Skarbek and Kaitlyn Woltz31. Transnational gangs? Understanding migration and gangsJosé Miguel Cruz and Jonathan D. Rosen Section 5: Legacies of Second-Generation Researchers32. The legacy of Scott H. DeckerDavid C. Pyrooz and Richard K. Moule Jr.33. The legacy of Finn-Aage EsbensenDena C. Carson, Adrienne Freng, Chris Melde, and Dana Peterson34. The legacy of John M. HagedornRoberto R. Aspholm35. The legacy of Cheryl L. MaxsonShannon E. Reid36. The legacy of Joan W. MooreJames Diego Vigil37. The legacy of James Diego VigilMike Tapia and E. Mark Moreno Section 6: Responding to Gangs38. Clinical intervention for gang-involved youth: Toward an empirically validated modelPaul Boxer, Joanna Kubik, and Stephanie Marcello39. No public benefit: The Placentia gang injunction opposition campaignSean Garcia-Leys and Jesse Engel40. <"Somebody's watching me:> " Surveying police surveillance of gangsMatthew Valasik and P. Jeffrey Brantingham41. Policing gangs: Five reasons why traditional strategies failMadeleine Novich42. Defund the police? Considerations for reducing gang violence Anthony A. Braga, John M. MacDonald, and George Tita43. Making sense of the models: Continuities and differences across prominent gang/group gun violence intervention modelsJesse Jannetta, Paige S. Thompson, and Lily Robin

David Pyrooz is Professor of Sociology at the University of Colorado Boulder. He is the author of four books, including On Gangs and Competing for Control: Gangs and the Social Order of Prisons, the latter of which received the Outstanding Book Award from the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences.James Densley is Professor and Department Chair of Criminology and Criminal Justice at Metro State University. Densley is the author of eight books, including How Gangs Work and On Gangs; more than 50 peer-reviewed articles in leading scientific journals; and over 100 book chapters, essays, and other works in outlets such as Time magazine, The Wall Street Journal, and The Washington Post. John Leverso is an Assistant Professor at the University of Cincinnati in the School of Criminal Justice. He is a sociological criminologist whose research investigates the urban street gang and later life consequences of justice involvement focusing on race/ethnicity, gender, andinteractions on the digital street.

• 1. Introduction to the OUP Handbook of Gangs and SocietyDavid C. Pyrooz, James A. Densley, and John Leverso Section 1: Revisiting Definitions in the 21st Century 2. The Eurogang definition: Context, development, scrutiny, and debate (including a conversation with Malcolm Klein)Frank Weerman and Scott Decker3. What gangs aren't: Contrasting gangs with other collectivesMartin Bouchard, Karine Descormiers, and Alysha Girn4. A relational approach to street gangsAndrew V. Papachristos, John Leverso, and David Hureau5. Gangs in practice: Violence prevention, law enforcement, and the received idea of the <"gang> " David Kennedy6. The social construction of the American street gangPatrick Lopez-Aguado7. Gang identity across the life courseSou Lee and Bryan F. Bubolz8. Place matters: Geographers and gang membersStefano Bloch Section 2: Approaches to the Empirical Study of Gangs 9. The history and evolution of gang scholarship: A topic modeling and change point detection approachJason Gravel10. Funding gang research to advance policy and practicePhelan A. Wyrick, Barbara Tatem Kelley, and Mary Poulin Carlton11. The National Youth Gang Survey: Past, present, and futureMeagan Cahill, James C. Howell, and Arlen Egley Jr.12. Historical gang research methods: An overviewMitchel Roth13. Critical approaches to gangsTilman Schwarze and Alistair Fraser14. Women in gang research: An overviewMarta-Marika Urbanik and Sandra M. Bucerius15. Indigenous gangs and gang research Adrienne Freng and Hannah St. Clair16. Studying gangs in Central and South America: Reflections on gender and researcher positionalityMaría José Méndez and Ellen Van Damme17. Gang research in the CaribbeanEdward R. Maguire Section 3: Core and Emerging Issues18. What is gang culture? Three conceptualizations of an elusive conceptCaylin Louis Moore and Forrest Stuart19. Masculinities and respect in the group context of gangs Lorine A. Hughes and Lisa M. Broidy20. Birds of a feather? Individual differences and gang membershipJennifer J. Tostlebe and Jose Antonio Sanchez 21. Rational choice, gang membership, and crime: Moving actors and choice to center stageKyle J. Thomas22. Psychopathology as a cause or consequence of youth gang involvementPatricia K. Kerig, Lucybel Mendez, Ava Alexander, and Susan Chen23. The emerging frontier: Gangs in developing countriesHerbert C. Covey24. Gang ecological diversity in the Hollenbeck area of Los Angeles, 1978-2012P. Jeffrey Brantingham and Matthew Valasik Section 4: Gangs in Institutional Context25. Storming the capital: The place of street capital and social capital within gangsSimon Harding and Ross Deuchar26. On gangs and family: Primary, secondary, and surrogate familyGabriel T. Cesar, D'Andre Walker, and Tiffany Fernandez27. Linking education and criminology research to understand the schooling experiences of gang youth and adultsAdrian H. Huerta28. Religion and gangs: An introduction to the isolated and integrated affiliation modelsTimothy R. Lauger and Haleigh Kubiniec29. Re-examining the literature on social media and gangs: Critical race theory as a path for new opportunitiesCaitlin Elsaesser and Desmond Patton30. Comparative approaches to the study of prison gangs and prison orderDavid Skarbek and Kaitlyn Woltz31. Transnational gangs? Understanding migration and gangsJosé Miguel Cruz and Jonathan D. Rosen Section 5: Legacies of Second-Generation Researchers32. The legacy of Scott H. DeckerDavid C. Pyrooz and Richard K. Moule Jr.33. The legacy of Finn-Aage EsbensenDena C. Carson, Adrienne Freng, Chris Melde, and Dana Peterson34. The legacy of John M. HagedornRoberto R. Aspholm35. The legacy of Cheryl L. MaxsonShannon E. Reid36. The legacy of Joan W. MooreJames Diego Vigil37. The legacy of James Diego VigilMike Tapia and E. Mark Moreno Section 6: Responding to Gangs38. Clinical intervention for gang-involved youth: Toward an empirically validated modelPaul Boxer, Joanna Kubik, and Stephanie Marcello39. No public benefit: The Placentia gang injunction opposition campaignSean Garcia-Leys and Jesse Engel40. <"Somebody's watching me:> " Surveying police surveillance of gangsMatthew Valasik and P. Jeffrey Brantingham41. Policing gangs: Five reasons why traditional strategies failMadeleine Novich42. Defund the police? Considerations for reducing gang violence Anthony A. Braga, John M. MacDonald, and George Tita43. Making sense of the models: Continuities and differences across prominent gang/group gun violence intervention modelsJesse Jannetta, Paige S. Thompson, and Lily Robin