The Oxford Encyclopedia of Health and Risk Message Design and Processing

Roxanne Parrott is a Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Communication Arts & Sciences at The Pennsylvania State University. She received a PhD in communication with a minor in health policy and administration from the University of Arizona. She served on the National Academies of Sciences' Institute of Medicine Board of Population Health and Public Health Practice for five years. Parrott authored the award-winning book, Talking about Health, Why Communication Matters and co-edited the award winning book, Designing Health Messages: Approaches from Communication Theory and Public Health Practice.

• I. Uncertainty and uses of evidenceEthical Issues and Considerations in Health and Risk Message DesignScientific Uncertainty in Health and Risk MessagingHealth and Risk Policymaking, the Precautionary Principle, and Policy AdvocacyPublic Relations in Health and Risk Communication II. Social determinants of health and riskSocial-Ecological Approaches to Health and Risk MessagingCulture, a Social Determinant of Health and Risk Considerations for Health and Risk MessagingHealth Disparities, a Social Determinant of Health and Risk: Considerations for Health and Risk MessagingHealth Promotion and Risk Reduction in CongregationsNeighborhood Considerations for Social Determinants of Health and Risk III. Agents for changeAdvocacy Groups as Agents for Change in Health and Risk MessagingSupportive Communication Providers for Chronic Disease ManagementHealth Care Teams as Agents for Change in Health and Risk MessagingEquity and Distributive Justice in Health and Risk Message Design and ProcessingGovernment-driven Incentives to Improve HealthParents as Agents for Change in Health and Risk MessagingPublic Health and Community Organizing as Agents for Change in Health and Risk MessagingRehabilitation GroupsAdvertisers as Agents for Change in Health and Risk MessagingFaith Communities and the Potential for Health PromotionWork as Opportunity and Problem When Trying to Impact Health and Risk IV. Normative approachesAppeal to Bystander Interventions: A Normative Approach to Health and Risk MessagingCommunities of Practice in Health and Risk MessagingCollective Knowledge for Industrial Disaster PreventionEntertainment-Education and Health and Risk MessagingPositive Deviance: A Non-Normative Approach to Health and Risk MessagingRisk Governance V. Integrative approachesDiffusion Theory in Integrative ApproachesAbsent information in Integrative Environmental and Health Risk CommunicationInoculation Theory Applied in Health and Risk MessagingDisruption Information Seeking and Processing Model Applied to Health and Risk MessagingCommunication Privacy Management Theory and Health and Risk MessagingLay Risk Management Motivated Information Management and Other Approaches to Information SeekingRegulatory Focus and Regulatory Fit in Health MessagingSocial Cognitive Theory Applied to Health and Risk MessagingSocial Marketing Applied to Health and Risk MessagingTransportation Theory Applied to Health and Risk MessagingThought Speed and Health CommunicationStructuration Theory and Health and Risk MessagingMessage Convergence Framework Applied to Health and Risk MessagingSimultaneous and Successive Emotion Experiences and Health and Risk MessagingReasoned Action as an Approach to Understanding and Predicting Health Message OutcomesTheory of Mind and Communication in Health and Risk MessagingMental Models of Risk VI. Message-induced, affect-based motivational processesAnger in Health and Risk MessagingAnticipated RegretEmbarrassment and Health and Risk MessagingFear Arousal and Health and Risk MessagingUsing Guilt to Motivate Individuals to Adopt Healthy HabitsHope and Health and Risk MessagingPositive Affect Related to Health and Risk Messaging VII. Message-induced, cognitive-based motivational processesKnowledge and ComprehensionMemory for Media Content in Health CommunicationRisk Perceptions and Risk Characteristics Responsibility in Health and Risk MessagingMessage-Induced Self-Efficacy and its Role in Health Behavior ChangeSocial Amplification of Risk in Health and Risk MessagingSource Credibility, Expertise, and Trust in Health and Risk MessagingSelf-Affirmation VIII. Channel-related processesAgenda Setting in Health and Risk MessagingCultivation in Health and Risk MessagingMass Communication and Policy GatekeepingConflicting Information and Message Competition in Health and Risk MessagingPresumed Media Influence in Health and Risk MessagingSpiral of Silence in Health and Risk Messaging IX. Structural message featuresAppeals to Morality in Health and Risk MessagingArgument Quality and Strength in Health and Risk MessagingCelebrity-based Appeals in Health and Risk MessagingCounterfactuals in Health and Risk MessagingMessage Framing Variations in Health and Risk MessagingText Features Related to Message ComprehensionMetaphor in Health and Risk CommunicationMessage Sensation Value in Health and RiskNarratives in Health and Risk MessagingNutrition Labeling in Health and Risk Messaging in AsiaNutrition Labeling in the United States and the Role of Consumer Processing, Message Structure, and Moderating ConditionsPatterns of ReasoningVividnessStatistical Evidence in Health and Risk MessagingTypes of Explanations in Health and Risk MessagingUsing Maps to Display Geographic Risk, Personal Health Data, and OwnershipUsing Pictures in Health and Risk MessagesBehavioral Journalism in Health and Risk MessagingExemplification Theory in Health and Risk MessagingUsing Questions in Health and Risk Message DesignResistance Induction in the Context of Health Decision MakingHumor in Health and Risk MessagingHealth-related Warning Message Processing X. Segmentation ApproachesPublics Approaches to Health and Risk Message Design and ProcessingTranstheoretical Model and Stages of Change in Health and Risk MessagingAudience Segmentation TechniquesMessage Tailoring in Health and Risk Messaging XI. Message exposure and reachImmersive Virtual Environments, Avatars, and Agents for HealthBlogging, Microblogging, and Exposure to Health and Risk MessagesDirect-to-Consumer Advertising and Health and Risk MessagingLocation-based Ads and Exposure to Health and Risk MessagesMobile Health and Exposures to Health and Risk MessagesSocial Media for Healthcare CommunicationVideo Games and Gaming: Reaching Audiences with Health and Risk MessagesViral Marketing and Exposure to Health and Risk MessagesPopular Media and Exposure to Health and Risk MessagesPublic Service Announcements and Exposure to Health and Risk Messages XII. Message recipient psychological characteristicsAmbiguity Intolerance Considerations When Designing Health and Risk MessagesMessage Recipient Psychological Characteristics: Incurious and Curious Motives to Learn about Health RisksFatalism and Locus of Control as a Consideration When Designing Health and Risk MessagesMood's Role in Selective Exposure to Health and Risk InformationNarcissism as a Consideration When Designing Health and Risk MessagesOptimism and its Associations with Health Behavior and Responses to Health CommunicationProcrastination, Health, and Health Risk CommunicationSensation SeekingWorry and Rumination as a Consideration When Designing Health and Risk Messages XIII. Message recipient sociodemographic characteristicsLifespan and Developmental Considerations in Health and Risk Message DesignGender as a Consideration When Designing Health and Risk MessagesDeaf or Hard of Hearing Message Recipient Sociodemographic CharacteristicsNumeracy in Health and Risk MessagingMedia Literacy as a Consideration in Health and Risk Message DesignOccupation and the Risk Message RecipientLimited English Proficiency as a Consideration When Designing Health and Risk MessagesVision and Promoting HealthHealth Literacy and Health/Risk Communication XIV. Methods Big Data's Role in Health and Risk MessagingNetwork Analysis and Health and Risk MessagingPhysiological Measures of Wellness and Message ProcessingActive Involvement Interventions in Health and Risk MessagingCampaign Evaluation in Health and Risk MessagingMeasuring Graph LiteracyGrounded Theory MethodologyMeta-analysis in Health and Risk Messaging XV. Case studiesThe Breast Cancer and Environment Research ProgramKeepin' It REAL: A Case History of a Drug Prevention InterventionCase Study: Targeting the Stop.Think.Connect Cybersecurity Campaign to University Campuses, AThe ACT2 Program and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in HIV and AIDS Clinical Trials: A Health and Risk Messaging Case StudyCreating Authentic and Lasting Community Relationships to Enhance Awareness and Understanding of Cancer ResearchSocial Influence Processes and Health Outcomes in Alcoholics AnonymousCase Study of Sesame Workshop's Cleaner, Happier, Healthier Intervention in Bangladesh, India, and Nigeria: Reporting on Exposure and Impact, ARecruiting Opinion Leaders for the United Kingdom ASSIST ProgrammeRhetorical Dimensions of "Active Shooter" Training Messages