Nic Cheeseman is Professor of Democracy and International Development at the University of Birmingham. He is the author or editor of ten books, including Democracy in Africa (2015) and How to Rig an Election (2018), and his research has won a number of prizes including the Frank Cass Award for the best article in Democratization (2015) and the Joni Lovenduski Prize for outstanding professional achievement by a midcareer scholar (2019) from the UK Political Studies Association. He is the founding editor of the Oxford Encyclopedia of African Politics and the founder of www.democracyinafrica.org. Gabrielle Lynch is Professor of Comparative Politics at the University of Warwick. She is the author of over 30 articles and book chapters, and author or editor of five books, including I Say to You: Ethnic Politics and the Kalenjin in Kenya (2011) and Performances of Injustice: The Politics of Truth, Justice and Reconciliation in Kenya (2018). She is the Vice President of the British Institute in Eastern Africa and Deputy Chair of the Review of African Political Economy, and wrote a regular column in Kenya's Saturday Nation (2014-2018) and The East African (2015-2017). Justin Willis is Professor in History at Durham University. He is the author of Mombasa, the Swahili and the Making of the Mijikenda (1993), Potent Brews: A Social History of Alcohol in East Africa 1850-1999 (2002) and co-editor of The Sudan Handbook (2011) – well as numerous articles on the history and politics of Ghana, Kenya, Sudan, and Uganda. He has previously served as Director of the British Institute in Eastern Africa.

• Introduction. Writing African elections; 1. Towards a moral economy of elections in Africa; 2. Elections, states and citizens: a history of the ballot in Ghana, Kenya and Uganda; Part I. Promoting Civic Virtue: National Exercises: 3. Making states and citizens through the ballot; 4. The eyes of the world are upon us: the aspirations and limitations of international election observation; 5. Creating democrats: Civil society and voter education; Part II. The Moral Economy in Action: 6. Performing virtue: politicians, leadership and election campaigns; 7. Navigating multiple moralities: popular expectations and experiences of the polls; 9. Conclusion: the electoral fallacy revisited.

'A fresh and nuanced exploration of elections in Africa through the lens of moral virtue. How do political actors – citizens, politicians, officials – endeavor to 'do the right thing' (as they see it) about voting, seeking office and managing the polls? Using multiple research methods, the authors uncover a range of complex popular conceptions of good leadership and proper elections. They find that, in resolving tensions between civic virtue and patrimonial obligation, many Africans are constructing forms of political accountability that are culturally authentic.' Michael Bratton, Michigan State University

Nic Cheeseman is Professor of Democracy and International Development at the University of Birmingham. He is the author or editor of ten books, including Democracy in Africa (2015) and How to Rig an Election (2018), and his research has won a number of prizes including the Frank Cass Award for the best article in Democratization (2015) and the Joni Lovenduski Prize for outstanding professional achievement by a midcareer scholar (2019) from the UK Political Studies Association. He is the founding editor of the Oxford Encyclopedia of African Politics and the founder of www.democracyinafrica.org. Gabrielle Lynch is Professor of Comparative Politics at the University of Warwick. She is the author of over 30 articles and book chapters, and author or editor of five books, including I Say to You: Ethnic Politics and the Kalenjin in Kenya (2011) and Performances of Injustice: The Politics of Truth, Justice and Reconciliation in Kenya (2018). She is the Vice President of the British Institute in Eastern Africa and Deputy Chair of the Review of African Political Economy, and wrote a regular column in Kenya's Saturday Nation (2014-2018) and The East African (2015-2017). Justin Willis is Professor in History at Durham University. He is the author of Mombasa, the Swahili and the Making of the Mijikenda (1993), Potent Brews: A Social History of Alcohol in East Africa 1850-1999 (2002) and co-editor of The Sudan Handbook (2011) – well as numerous articles on the history and politics of Ghana, Kenya, Sudan, and Uganda. He has previously served as Director of the British Institute in Eastern Africa.

• Introduction. Writing African elections; 1. Towards a moral economy of elections in Africa; 2. Elections, states and citizens: a history of the ballot in Ghana, Kenya and Uganda; Part I. Promoting Civic Virtue: National Exercises: 3. Making states and citizens through the ballot; 4. The eyes of the world are upon us: the aspirations and limitations of international election observation; 5. Creating democrats: Civil society and voter education; Part II. The Moral Economy in Action: 6. Performing virtue: politicians, leadership and election campaigns; 7. Navigating multiple moralities: popular expectations and experiences of the polls; 9. Conclusion: the electoral fallacy revisited.

'A fresh and nuanced exploration of elections in Africa through the lens of moral virtue. How do political actors – citizens, politicians, officials – endeavor to 'do the right thing' (as they see it) about voting, seeking office and managing the polls? Using multiple research methods, the authors uncover a range of complex popular conceptions of good leadership and proper elections. They find that, in resolving tensions between civic virtue and patrimonial obligation, many Africans are constructing forms of political accountability that are culturally authentic.' Michael Bratton, Michigan State University

Nic Cheeseman is Professor of Democracy and International Development at the University of Birmingham. He is the author or editor of ten books, including Democracy in Africa (2015) and How to Rig an Election (2018), and his research has won a number of prizes including the Frank Cass Award for the best article in Democratization (2015) and the Joni Lovenduski Prize for outstanding professional achievement by a midcareer scholar (2019) from the UK Political Studies Association. He is the founding editor of the Oxford Encyclopedia of African Politics and the founder of www.democracyinafrica.org. Gabrielle Lynch is Professor of Comparative Politics at the University of Warwick. She is the author of over 30 articles and book chapters, and author or editor of five books, including I Say to You: Ethnic Politics and the Kalenjin in Kenya (2011) and Performances of Injustice: The Politics of Truth, Justice and Reconciliation in Kenya (2018). She is the Vice President of the British Institute in Eastern Africa and Deputy Chair of the Review of African Political Economy, and wrote a regular column in Kenya's Saturday Nation (2014-2018) and The East African (2015-2017). Justin Willis is Professor in History at Durham University. He is the author of Mombasa, the Swahili and the Making of the Mijikenda (1993), Potent Brews: A Social History of Alcohol in East Africa 1850-1999 (2002) and co-editor of The Sudan Handbook (2011) – well as numerous articles on the history and politics of Ghana, Kenya, Sudan, and Uganda. He has previously served as Director of the British Institute in Eastern Africa.

• Introduction. Writing African elections; 1. Towards a moral economy of elections in Africa; 2. Elections, states and citizens: a history of the ballot in Ghana, Kenya and Uganda; Part I. Promoting Civic Virtue: National Exercises: 3. Making states and citizens through the ballot; 4. The eyes of the world are upon us: the aspirations and limitations of international election observation; 5. Creating democrats: Civil society and voter education; Part II. The Moral Economy in Action: 6. Performing virtue: politicians, leadership and election campaigns; 7. Navigating multiple moralities: popular expectations and experiences of the polls; 9. Conclusion: the electoral fallacy revisited.

'A fresh and nuanced exploration of elections in Africa through the lens of moral virtue. How do political actors – citizens, politicians, officials – endeavor to 'do the right thing' (as they see it) about voting, seeking office and managing the polls? Using multiple research methods, the authors uncover a range of complex popular conceptions of good leadership and proper elections. They find that, in resolving tensions between civic virtue and patrimonial obligation, many Africans are constructing forms of political accountability that are culturally authentic.' Michael Bratton, Michigan State University