The Handbook of Non-Invasive Transcranial Brain Stimulation in the Cognitive Domain

Vincent Van Waes graduated from the University of Lille, France, with a Master degree in Cognitive Science. He earned in 2008 the PhD degree in Neuroscience from the University of Lille, France, in collaboration with the Sapienza University of Roma, Italy (European Label). Following postdoctoral work at the Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology of the Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, USA, he joined in 2010 the University of Bourgogne-Franche Comté, France as a Research Assistant Professor (Maître de Conférences) in the Laboratory of Integrative and Clinical Neuroscience and was appointed Full Professor in 2017.Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur is a university Professor and Hospital Practitioner at CH Henri Mondor. His interest is in developing innovative therapeutic strategies, both pharmacological and neurostimulation-based, that could correct neurological disorders. Andrea Antal graduated from Attal Jozsef University of Szeged, Hungary, in Biology. She earned her PhD in 1998 in Biological Sciences from the University of Szeged, Hungary. She has an extensive background in research and training in the fields of neurology and clinical neurophysiology. Beginning in 2001, she has had a pivotal role in establishing and coordinating the activities of the visual laboratory, and later the pain laboratory in Göttingen. She is the head of the Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation (NBS Lab) laboratory at the University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany an experienced researcher in the field of cortical plasticity and brain stimulation, with a H-Index of 70.Alexander T. Sack graduated from Frankfurt University, Germany with a Master of Science in Psychology (2000) and PhD in Natural Sciences (2003). He completed several international postdoctoral and academic research positions before being appointed as Professor of Brain Stimulation and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience at the Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands in 2011. As the Principal Investigator of the research section “Brain Stimulation and Cognition” at the Maastricht Brain Imaging Centre, his research focuses on the neurobiological and psychological principles underlying attention, learning, memory, and cognitive control; combining various brain research techniques, ranging from psychophysics and eye-tracking, to functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Electroencephalography (EEG), and Noninvasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS). His group pioneered the development of simultaneously implemented TMS-fMRI-EEG during cognitive behavior, allowing to apply brain-stimulation while recording the individual brain network (fMRI) and oscillation (EEG) responses of cognitively engaged participants. This multimodal brain stimulation approach allows to investigate the neural network dynamics underlying human cognition in healthy volunteers and to translate these findings into clinical applications for treating various neurological and neuropsychiatric brain disorders. Chris Baeken is currently a professor at the University of Ghent. He also works as a psychiatrist specializing in the neurobiological field of Affective Disorders.

• Part 1: Methods1.The principles and methods of noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation2.How to design a NIBS study in the cognitive domain: Common pitfalls and recommendationsPart 2: Preclinic — psychophysiologySection A: Animals3.Use of tDCS, rTMS, and TUS rodents: Contributions to understanding the neurobiological mechanisms involved4.Use of tDCS, rTMS, and TUS in non-human primates: Contributions to understanding the neurobiological mechanisms involved5.tDCS to treat psychiatric disorders: Insights from animal studies6.tDCS to treat neurological disorders: Insights from animal studies7.Implication of glial cells in the effects of tDCS in mice8.Accelerated rTMS in the canine speciesSection B: Healthy9.Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation for the study of perception and attention10.Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation for the study of decision-making11.Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation for the study of memory12.Optimizing learning with transcranial electrical stimulation13.Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation for the study of speech and language14.Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation to promote executive functionsPart 3: Therapeutic applications (cognition)15.Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation to treat attention disorders (ADHD)16.Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation to treat autism spectrum disorders17.Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation to treat addiction18.rTMS to treat mood/PTSD19.tES in mood and stress-related disorders20.Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation to treat anxiety disorders and obsessive compulsive and related disorder21.Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation to treat schizophrenia22.Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation to treat cognitive aspects of other psychiatric diseases23.Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation to treat visuospatial neglect24.Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation for language rehabilitation25.Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation to treat mild cognitive impairment & dementia26.Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation to treat cognitive aspects of traumatic brain injury27.Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation to treat cognitive aspects of multiple sclerosis28.Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation to treat fatigue in chronic diseases29.Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation to treat cognitive aspects of chronic pain syndromes30.Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation to treat cognitive aspects of other neurological diseasesPart 4: Ethics/regulation31.Ethics/regulationIndex

Predicting brain activity is important for diagnosis. Controlling it is critical for disease. There are only a limited number of ways brain activity can be controlled non-invasively, each with advantages and shortcomings. These critical issues are debated in the didactic chapters of this volume, contributed by top experts in these fields, covering transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation and ultrasound stimulation. The principle of “primum non nocere” (first, do no harm) is discussed by several authors, emphasizing the need to learn more about the mechanisms of these methods. The reader will walk away with the important message that non-invasive perturbation, especially its closed-loop (on-demand) version, is on its way to effectively compete with pharmaceuticals with much fewer side effects. -György Buzsáki, MD, PhD. Author of the Rhythms of the Brain (OUP, 2006).