Shalom Lappin is Emeritus Professor of Computational Linguistics at King's College London, UK, a Fellow of the British Academy, and a Member of the Academia Europaea. He is currently Director of the Centre for Linguistic Theory and Studies in Probability at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, and Visiting Professor in the Cognitive Science Group in the School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science at Queen Mary University of London, UK. He is co-editor, with Alexander Clark and Chris Fox, of The Handbook of Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing (Wiley Blackwell, 2010), co-author, with Alexander Clark, of Linguistic Nativism and the Poverty of the Stimulus (Wiley Blackwell, 2011), and co-author of Foundations of Intensional Semantics (with Chris Fox, Blackwell, 2005). Chris Fox is a Reader in the School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, UK. He is the author of The Ontology of Language (2000) and co-author of Foundations of Intensional Semantics (with Shalom Lappin, Blackwell, 2005).

• Notes on Contributors ixPreface xvIntroduction 1Part I Quantifiers, Scope, Plurals, and Ellipsis 71 Generalized Quantifiers in Natural Language Semantics 9Dag Westerståhl2 Scope 40Chris Barker3 Plurals 77Yoad Winter and Remko Scha4 Ellipsis 114Ruth Kempson, Ronnie Cann, Arash Eshghi, Eleni Gregoromichelaki, and Matthew PurverPart II Modification, Presupposition, Tense, and Modality 1415 Adjectival Modification and Gradation 143Daniel Lassiter6 Presupposition and Implicature 168Christopher Potts7 The Semantics of Tense and Aspect: A Finite-State Perspective 203Tim Fernando8 Conditionals and Modality 237Magdalena Kaufmann and Stefan KaufmannPart III Nondeclaratives 2719 Semantics of Questions 273Andrzej Wiśniewski10 The Semantics of Imperatives 314Chris FoxPart IV Type Theory and Computational Semantics 34311 Constructive Type Theory 345Aarne Ranta12 Type Theory with Records for Natural Language Semantics 375Robin Cooper and Jonathan Ginzburg13 Curry Typing, Polymorphism, and Fine-Grained Intensionality 408Shalom Lappin14 Semantic Complexity in Natural Language 429Ian Pratt-Hartmann15 Implementing Semantic Theories 455Jan van Eijck16 Vector Space Models of Lexical Meaning 493Stephen Clark17 Recognizing Textual Entailment 523Mark SammonsPart V Interfaces 55918 Natural Logic 561Lawrence S. Moss19 The Syntax-Semantics Interface: Semantic Roles and Syntactic Arguments 593Malka Rappaport Hovav and Beth Levin20 Reference in Discourse 625Andrew Kehler21 Probabilistic Semantics and Pragmatics: Uncertainty in Language and Thought 655Noah D. Goodman and Daniel Lassiter22 Semantics and Dialogue 687David Schlangen23 Semantics and Language Acquisition 714Eve V. ClarkAuthor Index 735Subject Index 745

“The second edition of The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory surveys the field from a completely fresh perspective, with a new emphasis on formalisms and methods, and a closer focus on a wider range of phenomena than its distinguished predecessor. It will be read by linguists, philosophers, computational linguists, cognitive scientists, and others seeking to comprehend the continuing developments and rapid progress that have occurred in this area over the intervening decades.”Mark Steedman, University of Edinburgh, UK

Shalom Lappin is Emeritus Professor of Computational Linguistics at King's College London, UK, a Fellow of the British Academy, and a Member of the Academia Europaea. He is currently Director of the Centre for Linguistic Theory and Studies in Probability at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, and Visiting Professor in the Cognitive Science Group in the School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science at Queen Mary University of London, UK. He is co-editor, with Alexander Clark and Chris Fox, of The Handbook of Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing (Wiley Blackwell, 2010), co-author, with Alexander Clark, of Linguistic Nativism and the Poverty of the Stimulus (Wiley Blackwell, 2011), and co-author of Foundations of Intensional Semantics (with Chris Fox, Blackwell, 2005). Chris Fox is a Reader in the School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, UK. He is the author of The Ontology of Language (2000) and co-author of Foundations of Intensional Semantics (with Shalom Lappin, Blackwell, 2005).

• Notes on Contributors ixPreface xvIntroduction 1Part I Quantifiers, Scope, Plurals, and Ellipsis 71 Generalized Quantifiers in Natural Language Semantics 9Dag Westerståhl2 Scope 40Chris Barker3 Plurals 77Yoad Winter and Remko Scha4 Ellipsis 114Ruth Kempson, Ronnie Cann, Arash Eshghi, Eleni Gregoromichelaki, and Matthew PurverPart II Modification, Presupposition, Tense, and Modality 1415 Adjectival Modification and Gradation 143Daniel Lassiter6 Presupposition and Implicature 168Christopher Potts7 The Semantics of Tense and Aspect: A Finite-State Perspective 203Tim Fernando8 Conditionals and Modality 237Magdalena Kaufmann and Stefan KaufmannPart III Nondeclaratives 2719 Semantics of Questions 273Andrzej Wiśniewski10 The Semantics of Imperatives 314Chris FoxPart IV Type Theory and Computational Semantics 34311 Constructive Type Theory 345Aarne Ranta12 Type Theory with Records for Natural Language Semantics 375Robin Cooper and Jonathan Ginzburg13 Curry Typing, Polymorphism, and Fine-Grained Intensionality 408Shalom Lappin14 Semantic Complexity in Natural Language 429Ian Pratt-Hartmann15 Implementing Semantic Theories 455Jan van Eijck16 Vector Space Models of Lexical Meaning 493Stephen Clark17 Recognizing Textual Entailment 523Mark SammonsPart V Interfaces 55918 Natural Logic 561Lawrence S. Moss19 The Syntax-Semantics Interface: Semantic Roles and Syntactic Arguments 593Malka Rappaport Hovav and Beth Levin20 Reference in Discourse 625Andrew Kehler21 Probabilistic Semantics and Pragmatics: Uncertainty in Language and Thought 655Noah D. Goodman and Daniel Lassiter22 Semantics and Dialogue 687David Schlangen23 Semantics and Language Acquisition 714Eve V. ClarkAuthor Index 735Subject Index 745

“The second edition of The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory surveys the field from a completely fresh perspective, with a new emphasis on formalisms and methods, and a closer focus on a wider range of phenomena than its distinguished predecessor. It will be read by linguists, philosophers, computational linguists, cognitive scientists, and others seeking to comprehend the continuing developments and rapid progress that have occurred in this area over the intervening decades.”Mark Steedman, University of Edinburgh, UK

Shalom Lappin is Emeritus Professor of Computational Linguistics at King's College London, UK, a Fellow of the British Academy, and a Member of the Academia Europaea. He is currently Director of the Centre for Linguistic Theory and Studies in Probability at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, and Visiting Professor in the Cognitive Science Group in the School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science at Queen Mary University of London, UK. He is co-editor, with Alexander Clark and Chris Fox, of The Handbook of Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing (Wiley Blackwell, 2010), co-author, with Alexander Clark, of Linguistic Nativism and the Poverty of the Stimulus (Wiley Blackwell, 2011), and co-author of Foundations of Intensional Semantics (with Chris Fox, Blackwell, 2005). Chris Fox is a Reader in the School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, UK. He is the author of The Ontology of Language (2000) and co-author of Foundations of Intensional Semantics (with Shalom Lappin, Blackwell, 2005).

• Notes on Contributors ixPreface xvIntroduction 1Part I Quantifiers, Scope, Plurals, and Ellipsis 71 Generalized Quantifiers in Natural Language Semantics 9Dag Westerståhl2 Scope 40Chris Barker3 Plurals 77Yoad Winter and Remko Scha4 Ellipsis 114Ruth Kempson, Ronnie Cann, Arash Eshghi, Eleni Gregoromichelaki, and Matthew PurverPart II Modification, Presupposition, Tense, and Modality 1415 Adjectival Modification and Gradation 143Daniel Lassiter6 Presupposition and Implicature 168Christopher Potts7 The Semantics of Tense and Aspect: A Finite-State Perspective 203Tim Fernando8 Conditionals and Modality 237Magdalena Kaufmann and Stefan KaufmannPart III Nondeclaratives 2719 Semantics of Questions 273Andrzej Wiśniewski10 The Semantics of Imperatives 314Chris FoxPart IV Type Theory and Computational Semantics 34311 Constructive Type Theory 345Aarne Ranta12 Type Theory with Records for Natural Language Semantics 375Robin Cooper and Jonathan Ginzburg13 Curry Typing, Polymorphism, and Fine-Grained Intensionality 408Shalom Lappin14 Semantic Complexity in Natural Language 429Ian Pratt-Hartmann15 Implementing Semantic Theories 455Jan van Eijck16 Vector Space Models of Lexical Meaning 493Stephen Clark17 Recognizing Textual Entailment 523Mark SammonsPart V Interfaces 55918 Natural Logic 561Lawrence S. Moss19 The Syntax-Semantics Interface: Semantic Roles and Syntactic Arguments 593Malka Rappaport Hovav and Beth Levin20 Reference in Discourse 625Andrew Kehler21 Probabilistic Semantics and Pragmatics: Uncertainty in Language and Thought 655Noah D. Goodman and Daniel Lassiter22 Semantics and Dialogue 687David Schlangen23 Semantics and Language Acquisition 714Eve V. ClarkAuthor Index 735Subject Index 745

“The second edition of The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory surveys the field from a completely fresh perspective, with a new emphasis on formalisms and methods, and a closer focus on a wider range of phenomena than its distinguished predecessor. It will be read by linguists, philosophers, computational linguists, cognitive scientists, and others seeking to comprehend the continuing developments and rapid progress that have occurred in this area over the intervening decades.”Mark Steedman, University of Edinburgh, UK