Alexander Clark is a Lecturer in the Department of Computer Science at Royal Holloway, University of London. He is the co-author, with Shalom Lappin, of Linguistic Nativism and the Poverty of the Stimulus (Wiley-Blackwell, 2010). Chris Fox is a Reader in the School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering at the University of Essex. He has also taught at Goldsmiths College, University of London, and King’s College London. He is co-author, with Shalom Lappin, of Foundations of Intensional Semantics (Wiley-Blackwell, 2005).Shalom Lappin is Professor of Computational Linguistics at King's College London. He is editor of the Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory (1996); co-author, with Chris Fox, of Foundations of Intensional Semantics (2005); and, with Alexander Clark, co-author of Linguistic Nativism and the Poverty of the Stimulus (2010), all published by Wiley-Blackwell.

• List of Figures ix List of Tables xivNotes on Contributors xvPreface xxiiiIntroduction 1Part I Formal Foundations 91 Formal Language Theory 11SHULY WINTNER2 Computational Complexity in Natural Language 43IAN PRATT-HARTMANN3 Statistical Language Modeling 74CIPRIAN CHELBA4 Theory of Parsing 105MARK-JAN NEDERHOF AND GIORGIO SATTAPart II Current Methods 1315 Maximum Entropy Models 133ROBERT MALOUF6 Memory-Based Learning 154WALTER DAELEMANS AND ANTAL VAN DEN BOSCH7 Decision Trees 180HELMUT SCHMID8 Unsupervised Learning and Grammar Induction 197ALEXANDER CLARK AND SHALOM LAPPIN9 Artificial Neural Networks 221JAMES B. HENDERSON10 Linguistic Annotation 238MARTHA PALMER AND NIANWEN XUE11 Evaluation of NLP Systems 271PHILIP RESNIK AND JIMMY LINPart III Domains of Application 29712 Speech Recognition 299STEVE RENALS AND THOMAS HAIN13 Statistical Parsing 333STEPHEN CLARK14 Segmentation and Morphology 364JOHN A. GOLDSMITH15 Computational Semantics 394CHRIS FOX16 Computational Models of Dialogue 429JONATHAN GINZBURG AND RAQUEL FERNÁNDEZ17 Computational Psycholinguistics 482MATTHEW W. CROCKERPart IV Applications 51518 Information Extraction 517RALPH GRISHMAN19 Machine Translation 531ANDY WAY20 Natural Language Generation 574EHUD REITER21 Discourse Processing 599RUSLAN MITKOV22 Question Answering 630BONNIE WEBBER AND NICK WEBBReferences 655Author Index 742Subject Index 763

“The overall evaluation is therefore definitely very good: the work is solid, complete and definitely an important reference for NLP and CL.”  (Linguistlist, 14 January 2014)“Altogether, this Handbookcovers a wide variety of topics in NLP and CL and, is of particular use to researchers in the field of MT. On a more general note, graduate students or novice researchers can utilise this book as a comprehensive starting point for their area of interest within NLP or CL … All in all, this is very well compiled book, which effectively balances the width and depth of theories and applications in two very diverse yet closely related fields of language research.”  (Machine Translation, 18 March 2012)

Alexander Clark is a Lecturer in the Department of Computer Science at Royal Holloway, University of London. He is the co-author, with Shalom Lappin, of Linguistic Nativism and the Poverty of the Stimulus (Wiley-Blackwell, 2010). Chris Fox is a Reader in the School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering at the University of Essex. He has also taught at Goldsmiths College, University of London, and King’s College London. He is co-author, with Shalom Lappin, of Foundations of Intensional Semantics (Wiley-Blackwell, 2005).Shalom Lappin is Professor of Computational Linguistics at King's College London. He is editor of the Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory (1996); co-author, with Chris Fox, of Foundations of Intensional Semantics (2005); and, with Alexander Clark, co-author of Linguistic Nativism and the Poverty of the Stimulus (2010), all published by Wiley-Blackwell.

• List of Figures ix List of Tables xivNotes on Contributors xvPreface xxiiiIntroduction 1Part I Formal Foundations 91 Formal Language Theory 11SHULY WINTNER2 Computational Complexity in Natural Language 43IAN PRATT-HARTMANN3 Statistical Language Modeling 74CIPRIAN CHELBA4 Theory of Parsing 105MARK-JAN NEDERHOF AND GIORGIO SATTAPart II Current Methods 1315 Maximum Entropy Models 133ROBERT MALOUF6 Memory-Based Learning 154WALTER DAELEMANS AND ANTAL VAN DEN BOSCH7 Decision Trees 180HELMUT SCHMID8 Unsupervised Learning and Grammar Induction 197ALEXANDER CLARK AND SHALOM LAPPIN9 Artificial Neural Networks 221JAMES B. HENDERSON10 Linguistic Annotation 238MARTHA PALMER AND NIANWEN XUE11 Evaluation of NLP Systems 271PHILIP RESNIK AND JIMMY LINPart III Domains of Application 29712 Speech Recognition 299STEVE RENALS AND THOMAS HAIN13 Statistical Parsing 333STEPHEN CLARK14 Segmentation and Morphology 364JOHN A. GOLDSMITH15 Computational Semantics 394CHRIS FOX16 Computational Models of Dialogue 429JONATHAN GINZBURG AND RAQUEL FERNÁNDEZ17 Computational Psycholinguistics 482MATTHEW W. CROCKERPart IV Applications 51518 Information Extraction 517RALPH GRISHMAN19 Machine Translation 531ANDY WAY20 Natural Language Generation 574EHUD REITER21 Discourse Processing 599RUSLAN MITKOV22 Question Answering 630BONNIE WEBBER AND NICK WEBBReferences 655Author Index 742Subject Index 763

“The overall evaluation is therefore definitely very good: the work is solid, complete and definitely an important reference for NLP and CL.”  (Linguistlist, 14 January 2014)“Altogether, this Handbookcovers a wide variety of topics in NLP and CL and, is of particular use to researchers in the field of MT. On a more general note, graduate students or novice researchers can utilise this book as a comprehensive starting point for their area of interest within NLP or CL … All in all, this is very well compiled book, which effectively balances the width and depth of theories and applications in two very diverse yet closely related fields of language research.”  (Machine Translation, 18 March 2012)

Alexander Clark is a Lecturer in the Department of Computer Science at Royal Holloway, University of London. He is the co-author, with Shalom Lappin, of Linguistic Nativism and the Poverty of the Stimulus (Wiley-Blackwell, 2010). Chris Fox is a Reader in the School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering at the University of Essex. He has also taught at Goldsmiths College, University of London, and King’s College London. He is co-author, with Shalom Lappin, of Foundations of Intensional Semantics (Wiley-Blackwell, 2005).Shalom Lappin is Professor of Computational Linguistics at King's College London. He is editor of the Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory (1996); co-author, with Chris Fox, of Foundations of Intensional Semantics (2005); and, with Alexander Clark, co-author of Linguistic Nativism and the Poverty of the Stimulus (2010), all published by Wiley-Blackwell.

• List of Figures ix List of Tables xivNotes on Contributors xvPreface xxiiiIntroduction 1Part I Formal Foundations 91 Formal Language Theory 11SHULY WINTNER2 Computational Complexity in Natural Language 43IAN PRATT-HARTMANN3 Statistical Language Modeling 74CIPRIAN CHELBA4 Theory of Parsing 105MARK-JAN NEDERHOF AND GIORGIO SATTAPart II Current Methods 1315 Maximum Entropy Models 133ROBERT MALOUF6 Memory-Based Learning 154WALTER DAELEMANS AND ANTAL VAN DEN BOSCH7 Decision Trees 180HELMUT SCHMID8 Unsupervised Learning and Grammar Induction 197ALEXANDER CLARK AND SHALOM LAPPIN9 Artificial Neural Networks 221JAMES B. HENDERSON10 Linguistic Annotation 238MARTHA PALMER AND NIANWEN XUE11 Evaluation of NLP Systems 271PHILIP RESNIK AND JIMMY LINPart III Domains of Application 29712 Speech Recognition 299STEVE RENALS AND THOMAS HAIN13 Statistical Parsing 333STEPHEN CLARK14 Segmentation and Morphology 364JOHN A. GOLDSMITH15 Computational Semantics 394CHRIS FOX16 Computational Models of Dialogue 429JONATHAN GINZBURG AND RAQUEL FERNÁNDEZ17 Computational Psycholinguistics 482MATTHEW W. CROCKERPart IV Applications 51518 Information Extraction 517RALPH GRISHMAN19 Machine Translation 531ANDY WAY20 Natural Language Generation 574EHUD REITER21 Discourse Processing 599RUSLAN MITKOV22 Question Answering 630BONNIE WEBBER AND NICK WEBBReferences 655Author Index 742Subject Index 763

“The overall evaluation is therefore definitely very good: the work is solid, complete and definitely an important reference for NLP and CL.”  (Linguistlist, 14 January 2014)“Altogether, this Handbookcovers a wide variety of topics in NLP and CL and, is of particular use to researchers in the field of MT. On a more general note, graduate students or novice researchers can utilise this book as a comprehensive starting point for their area of interest within NLP or CL … All in all, this is very well compiled book, which effectively balances the width and depth of theories and applications in two very diverse yet closely related fields of language research.”  (Machine Translation, 18 March 2012)