'To what degree have political ideologies in different European nations converged over time? Are national politics becoming European politics? In this book, Daniele Caramani provides a deeply informed, insightful, and persuasive account of how national cleavages, party politics, and electoral behavior have been transformed across Europe since the nineteenth century. The result is an immense contribution to our understanding of the political development of Europe.' Gary Marks, Burton Craige Distinguished Professor, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and Research Chair in Multilevel Governance, VU Amsterdam