John Gerring is Professor of Government at the University of Texas at Austin. Brendan Apfeld is a data scientist at CVS Health. Tore Wig is a professor of Political Science at the University of Oslo. Andreas Forø Tollefsen is a Senior Researcher at the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO).

• Part I. Introduction: 1. Deep roots; 2. Democracy; Part II. Maritime geography: 3. Harbors and democracy; 4. Harbors; 5. Regional comparisons; 6. Global analyses; 7. Mechanisms; Part III. European diffusion: 8. Globalization and democracy; 9. European Ancestry; 10. Colonial and post-colonial eras; 11. Global analyses; Part IV. Alternate explanations: 12. Modalities of Geography; 13. Modalities of European diffusion; 14. Economics, Institutions, culture; Part V: Conclusions: 15. A summary view; 16. Connectedness; Appendix A: Variables; References.

'This book replaces the stereotyped generalizations in comparative politics with something genuinely novel, comparative and historical. A remarkable and exciting innovation.' James Robinson, The Reverend Dr. Richard L. Pearson Professor of Global Conflict Studies, University of Chicago

John Gerring is Professor of Government at the University of Texas at Austin. Brendan Apfeld is a data scientist at CVS Health. Tore Wig is a professor of Political Science at the University of Oslo. Andreas Forø Tollefsen is a Senior Researcher at the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO).

• Part I. Introduction: 1. Deep roots; 2. Democracy; Part II. Maritime geography: 3. Harbors and democracy; 4. Harbors; 5. Regional comparisons; 6. Global analyses; 7. Mechanisms; Part III. European diffusion: 8. Globalization and democracy; 9. European Ancestry; 10. Colonial and post-colonial eras; 11. Global analyses; Part IV. Alternate explanations: 12. Modalities of Geography; 13. Modalities of European diffusion; 14. Economics, Institutions, culture; Part V: Conclusions: 15. A summary view; 16. Connectedness; Appendix A: Variables; References.

'This book replaces the stereotyped generalizations in comparative politics with something genuinely novel, comparative and historical. A remarkable and exciting innovation.' James Robinson, The Reverend Dr. Richard L. Pearson Professor of Global Conflict Studies, University of Chicago

John Gerring is Professor of Government at the University of Texas at Austin. Brendan Apfeld is a data scientist at CVS Health. Tore Wig is a professor of Political Science at the University of Oslo. Andreas Forø Tollefsen is a Senior Researcher at the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO).

• Part I. Introduction: 1. Deep roots; 2. Democracy; Part II. Maritime geography: 3. Harbors and democracy; 4. Harbors; 5. Regional comparisons; 6. Global analyses; 7. Mechanisms; Part III. European diffusion: 8. Globalization and democracy; 9. European Ancestry; 10. Colonial and post-colonial eras; 11. Global analyses; Part IV. Alternate explanations: 12. Modalities of Geography; 13. Modalities of European diffusion; 14. Economics, Institutions, culture; Part V: Conclusions: 15. A summary view; 16. Connectedness; Appendix A: Variables; References.

'This book replaces the stereotyped generalizations in comparative politics with something genuinely novel, comparative and historical. A remarkable and exciting innovation.' James Robinson, The Reverend Dr. Richard L. Pearson Professor of Global Conflict Studies, University of Chicago