The Content Analysis Reader

Klaus Krippendorff (PhD in Communication, University of Illinois, Urbana, 1967) is Professor of Communication and Gregory Bateson Term Professor for Cybernetics, Language, and Culture at the University of Pennsylvania′s Annenberg School for Communication. Besides numerous publications in journals of communication, sociological methodology, cybernetics, and system theory, he authored Information Theory, Structural Models for Qualitative Data, a Dictionary of Cybernetics, edited Communication and Control in Society, and coedited The Analysis of Communication Content and Developments and Scientific Theories and Computer Techniques.Besides supporting various initiatives to develop content analysis techniques and continuing work on reliability measurement, Klaus Krippendorff’s current interest is fourfold: With epistemology in mind, he inquires into how language brings forth reality. As a critical scholar, he explores the conditions of entrapment and liberation. As a second-order cybernetician, he plays with recursive constructions of self and others in conversations; and as designer, he attempts to move the meaning and human use of technological artifacts into the center of design considerations, causing a redesign of design – all of them exciting projects. Mary Angela Bock is a PhD Candidate at the University of Pennsylvania’s Annenberg School for Communication studying with Dr. Krippendorff. She is a former television journalist whose career stretched from the Iowa presidential caucuses to the Lewinsky hearings to the events of September 11. She studies the impact of convergent technologies on photojournalism and television news within the constructivist paradigm. She has contributed to the Visual Communication Quarterly and has twice received honors for papers presented at conferences for the International Communication Association.

• Part 1: History and Conception of Content AnalysisIntroductionQuantitative Semantics in 18th Century Sweden - Karin DovringTowards a Sociology of the Press: An Early Proposal for Content Analysis - Max WeberA Study of a New York Daily - Bryon C. MathewsThe Scientific Analysis of the Press - Alvan A. TenneyPropaganda Analysis: A Case Study From World War II - Alexander L. GeorgeLetters From Jenny - Gordon W. AllportImpressionistic Content Analysis: Word Counting in Popular Media - Mary Angela BockPart 2: Unitizing and SamplingIntroduction"Good" Organizational Reasons for "Bad" Clinic Records - Harold GarfinkelEffectiveness of Random, Consecutive Day and Constructed Week Sampling - Daniel Riffe, Charles F. Aust, Stephen R. LacyThe Challenege of Applying Content Analysis to the World Wide Web - Sally J. McMillanAirplane Fatalities After Newspaper Stories About Murder and Suicide - David P. PhillipsInteraction Process Analysis - Robert F. BalesStructural Analysis of Film - Siegfried KracauerThe Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media - Maxwell E. McCombs, Donald L. ShawPart 3: Inferences and Analytical ConstructsIntroductionContingency Analysis: Validating Evidence and Process - Charles E. OsgoodFour Types of Inference From Documents to Events - Vernon K. DibblePolitburo Images of Stalin - Nathan Leites, Elsa Bernaut, Raymond L. GarthoffQuantitative and Qualitative Approaches to Content Analysis - Alexander GeorgeEvaluative Assertion Analysis - Ole R. HolstiAn Ecology of Text: Memes, Competition, and Niche Behavior - Michael L. BestIdentifying the Unknown Communicator in Painting, Literature and Music - William J. PaisleyWheels of Time and the Interdependence of Value Change in America - J. Zvi NamenwirthInferring the Readability of Text - Klaus KrippendorffPart 4: Coders and CodingIntroductionCodebook Development for Team-Based Qualitative Analysis - Kathleen M. MacQueen, Eleanor McLellan, Kelly Kay, Bobby MilsteinCoder Training: Explicit Instruction and Implicit Socialization? - Tony Hak, Ton BerntsThe Future of Coders: Human Judgments in a World of Sophisticated Software - Gilbert ShapiroComparing Human Coding and a Computer-Assisted Method - Brigitte L. Nacos, Robert Y. Shapiro, John T. Young, David P. Fan, Torsten Kjellstrand, Craig McCaaCoding Instructions: An Example - Joseph N. Cappella, Danielle J. Mittermaier, Judith Weiner, Lee Humphreys, Tiara Falcone, Mario GiornoPart 5: Categories and Data LanguagesIntroductionPetitions and Prayers: An Analysis of Persuasive Appeals - Elihu Katz, Michael Gurevitch, Brenda Danet, Tsiyona PeledChanging National Forest Values - David N. Bengston, Zhi XuThe World Attention Survey - Harold D. LasswellConstructing Content Analysis Scales in Counseling Research - Linda L. Viney, Peter CaputiHow Often Is Often? - Milton HakelRelative Risk in the News Media: A Quantification of Misrepresentation - Karen Frost, Erica Frank, Edward MaibachTelevision Violence: A Coding Scheme - Anu Mustonen, Lea PulkkinenThe Opinions of Little Orphan Annie and Her Friends - Lyle W. ShannonGender Equity in Management Education: Inferences From Test Bank Questions - Randi L. SimsMathematics Computer Software Characteristics and Gender - Kelly K. ChappellA Content Analysis of Music Videos - Richard L. Baxter, Cynthia De Riemer, Ann Landini, Larry Leslie, Michael W. SingletaryPart 6: Reliability and ValidityIntroductionScott′s Pi: Reliability for Nominal Scale Coding - William A. ScottTesting the Reliability of Content Analysis Data: What Is Involved and Why - Klaus KrippendorffThe Problem of Validating Content Analysis - Irving JanisModes of Observation and the Validation of Interaction Analysis Schemes - M. Scott Poole, Joseph P. FolgerImportance in Content Analysis: A Validity Problem - Milton StewartThe Gerbner Violence Profile: A Public Debate in Four Parts - David M. Blank, George Gerbner, Larry Gross, Marilyn Jackson-Beeck, Suzanne Jeffries-Fox, Nancy SignorielliPart 7: Computer-Aided Content AnalysisIntroductionSome Characteristics of Genuine Versus Simulated Suicide Notes - Daniel M. Ogilvie, Philip J. Stone, Edwin S. ShneidmanAnalyzing Literary and Non-Literary Texts - Michael E. Palmquist, Kathleen Carley, Thomas A. DaleCATPAC for Text Analysis: Presidential Debates - Marya L. Doerfel, George A. BarnettInferences From Word Networks in Messages - James A. DanowskiReasoning in Economic Discourse: A Network Approach to the Dutch Press - Jan Kleinnijenhuis, Jan A. de Ridder, Ewald M. RietbergPredictions of Public Opinion on the Spread of AIDS - David P. Fan, Gregory McAvoyComputerized Text Analysis of Al-Qaeda Transcripts - James W. Pennebaker, Cindy K. Chung