Asukile R Kajuni is a Natural Resources Management Consultant with over forty years of professional field experience associated with protected area management and planning; policy development and the sustainable management of natural resources and community based natural resources management. From 2019 to 2022, he led a team of professionals in the preparation of Catchments Conservation Plans for nine basins in Tanzania that included Rufiji, Pangani, Wami/Ruvu and Ruvuma & Southern Coast basins. His research interest is in the application of holistic approaches to management of natural ecosystems through the socio-ecological lenses. The use of integrated water resources management (IWRM) and ecohydrological principles in the river systems; GIS and Remote Sensing technology for spatial planning and local area land management; Environmental and Social Impact Assessment; application of environment and natural resources governance at the local level.Raphael Mwalyosi is a retired Professor of ecology, wildlife and natural resources/Environmental Analyst, experienced and longtime researcher on integrated Resources Management and Social & Environmental Impact Assessment Specialist. With over 45 years of considerable professional and practical experience in ecology and natural resource assessment, he worked and carried out environment-related research throughout Tanzania. He was a faculty member from the University of Dar es Salaam where he taught and was also Director of Institute of Resource Assessment, a multidisciplinary research institute of the University dealing with natural resource assessment and environmental management including climate change adaptation and vulnerability assessments. Japhet J. Kashaigili is a Professor of Water Resources, Eco-Hydrology and Environment, with extensive experience in environmental flows assessment and source-to-sea, and Director, Directorate of Postgraduate Studies, Research, Techology Tranasfer and Consultancy, Sokoine University of Agriculture. His research field covers Water Resources, Hydrogeology, Eco-Hydrology, Groundwater Management, Hydrological analysis and Modelling, Agricultural Water Management, Wetland Ecosystems Management, Spatial planning, Climate Change and Adaptations, Applied Remote Sensing and GIS for Water and Land Resources Assessment, Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA).

• Preface to this Book Brief summary of the bookSection One: Source-to-Sea: From the Headwater to the Marine Ecosystems1. An overview of major WIO river basins2. Catchment drainage networks and resource regimes3. River ecosystems, Biodiversity, Human well-being, Values and Threats4. River Ecology, the Natural Flow Regime Paradigm and Hydro-ecological Principles5. Legislation and Policy FrameworkSection Two: Development and Social Impacts1. Development on river, estuary and marine ecosystems2. Water resources utilization and useSection Three: Implications of Climate variability Change on WIO waters1. Trends in climate variability and impacts on WIO rivers2. Climate change predictions of WIO rivers3. Climate Change and ResilienceSection Four: Scientific Approaches and Methods in Water Management A key focus is how to balance a huge climate interannual variability (with a succession of floods and droughts), with environmental and social needs within the river basins and in the coastal zone.1. Tools and Methods for Environmental Flow Assessments and Implementation2. IWRM in WIO Rivers• Governance and Institutional Frameworks• Community-based management• Gender equity and mainstreaming and decision making• Capacity buildingSection Five: Transboundary water management1. WIO Transboundary rivers and River Basin Organizations2. International water law and transboundary agreements3. Negotiations and conflict resolutionSection Six: Presenting Case Studies/Synthesis• Selected case studies

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