Professor Andreas Zimmermann is Professor of Law, University of Potsdam and Director of the Potsdam Centre of Human Rights; Dr. jur. (Heidelberg), LL.M. (Harvard); former Member of the German delegation to the Preparatory Committee and the United Nations Diplomatic Conference on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, and of the UN Human Rights Committee; member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration; counsel in various cases before the ICJ; former judge ad hoc at the European Court of Human Rights; arbitrator under the annex to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties; member of the advisory board on international law of the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs; co-editor, inter alia, of The Statute of the International Court of Justice: A Commentary (Oxford University Press, 3rd edition, 2019).Professor Terje Einarsen is Professor of Law at University of Bergen (Norway) and Senior Research Associate, SOAS University of London. He holds a Ph.D. (Dr Juris) from the University of Bergen and a master's degree (LL.M.) from Harvard Law School. He is also a lawyer and member of the Norwegian Bar Association with permanent permission to appear before the Supreme Court. Einarsen was formerly a judge for ten years at the general Gulating High Court for the Western parts of Norway, and Head of the Human Rights Committee, Norwegian Judges' Association. He has also served as a permanent member of the Grand Chamber, Immigration Board of Appeals. He is chairperson of International Commission of Jurists, the Norwegian section (ICJ Norway) since 2018.Franziska M. Herrmann is a PhD candidate at the University of Potsdam, working in the context of the Berlin Potsdam Research Group "The International Rule of Law - Rise or Decline?". She studied law at the University of Potsdam and Bergen and holds a Bachelor of Law, as well as the German First State Examination.

• Filippo Grandi: Foreword 1: Claudena Skran and Evan Easton-Calabria: Historical Development of International Refugee Law 2: Terje Einarsen: Drafting History of the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol 3: Jane McAdam and Emma Dunlop: Interpretation of the 1951 Convention 4: Terje Einarsen and Jessica Schultz: Global Developments in Refugee Law 5: Anja Klug: Regional Developments: Europe 6: Sam Blay: Regional Developments: Asia 7: Jacob van Garderen: Regional developments: Africa 8: Flávia Piovesan, Liliana Lyra Jubilut and Melissa Casagrande: Regional developments: Americas 9: Ralf Alleweldt: Preamble to the 1951 Convention 10: Ralf Alleweldt: Preamble to the 1967 Protocol 11: Ralf Alleweldt: Final Act 12: Stefanie Schmahl: Art. 1 A, para. 1 1951 Convention 13: Andreas Zimmermann and Franziska M. Herrmann: Art. 1 A, para. 2 1951 Convention 14: Stefanie Schmahl: Art. 1 B 1951 Convention 15: Susan Kneebone and Maria O'Sullivan: Art. 1 C 1951 Convention 16: Mutaz Qafisheh and Francesca Albanese: Art. 1 D 1951 Convention 17: Yao Li: Art. 1 E 1951 Convention 18: Joseph Rikhof and Philipp Wennholz: Art. 1 F 1951 Convention 19: Stefanie Schmahl: Art. 1 1967 Protocol 20: Hélène Lambert: Art. 2 1951 Convention 21: Mpoki Mwakagali and Reinhard Marx: Art. 3 1951 Convention 22: Christian Walter: Art. 4 1951 Convention 23: Achilles Skordas and Meltem Ineli-Ciger: Art. 5 1951 Convention 24: Mpoki Mwakagali and Reinhard Marx: Art. 6 1951 Convention 25: Achilles Skordas and Meltem Ineli-Ciger: Art. 7 1951 Convention 26: Ulrike Davy and Rebecca Thorburn Stern: Art. 8 1951 Convention 27: Ulrike Davy and Rebecca Thorburn Stern: Art. 9 1951 Convention 28: Stefanie Schmahl: Art. 10 1951 Convention 29: Roland Bank: Art. 11 1951 Convention 30: Rainer Hofmann, Adela Schmidt and Lssan Estifanos: Refugee Determination Procedures 31: Roland Bank: Refugees at Sea 32: Eileen Denza: Diplomatic Asylum 33: Axel Metzger: Art. 12 1951 Convention 34: Scott Leckie and Ezekiel Simperingham: Art. 13 1951 Convention 35: Axel Metzger: Art. 14 1951 Convention 36: Michael Teichmann: Art. 15 1951 Convention 37: Björn Elberling and Rebecca Thorburn Stern: Art. 16 1951 Convention 38: Alice Edwards: Art. 17 1951 Convention 39: Alice Edwards: Art. 18 1951 Convention 40: Alice Edwards: Art. 19 1951 Convention 41: Eve Lester: Art. 20 1951 Convention 42: Scott Leckie and Ezekiel Simperingham: Art. 21 1951 Convention 43: Andreas Zimmermann and Rebecca Thorburn Stern: Art. 22 1951 Convention 44: Eve Lester: Art. 23 1951 Convention 45: Eve Lester: Art. 24 1951 Convention 46: Eve Lester: Art. 25 1951 Convention 47: Marjoleine Zieck: Art. 26 1951 Convention 48: Jens Vedsted-Hansen: Art. 27 1951 Convention 49: Jens Vedsted-Hansen: Art. 28/Schedule 50: Boldizsár Nagy: Art. 29 1951 Convention 51: Boldizsár Nagy: Art. 30 1951 Convention 52: Gregor Noll: Art. 31 1951 Convention 53: Ulrike Davy and María-Teresa Gil-Bazo: Art. 32 1951 Convention 54: Walter Kälin, Martina Caroni and Lukas Heim: Art. 33, para. 1 1951 Convention 55: Philipp Wennholz and Joseph Rikhof: Art. 33, para. 2 1951 Convention 56: Reinhard Marx and Yao Li: Art. 34 1951 Convention 57: Marjoleine Zieck: Art. 35 1951 Convention/Article II 1967 Protocol 58: Stefanie Schmahl: Art. 36 1951 Convention/Article III 1967 Protocol, Marjoleine Zieck59:Art. 37 1951 Convention 60: Karin Oellers-Frahm: Art. 38 1951 Convention/Article IV 1967 Protocol 61: Robin Geiß and Yao Li: Art. 39 1951 Convention/Article V 1967 Protocol 62: María-Teresa Gil-Bazo: Art. 40 1951 Convention 63: María-Teresa Gil-Bazo: Art. 41 1951 Convention/Article VI 1967 Protocol 64: Alain Pellet: Art. 42 1951 Convention/Article VII 1967 Protocol 65: Robin Geiß and Yao Li: Art. 43 1951 Convention/Article VIII 1967 Protocol 66: Robin Geiß and Yao Li: Art. 44 1951 Convention/Article IX 1967 Protocol 67: Terje Einarsen: Art. 45 1951 Convention 68: Robin Geiß and Yao Li: Art. 46 1951 Convention/Article X 1967 Protocol 69: Robin Geiß and Yao Li: Testemonium 1951 Convention/Article XI 1967 Protocol

With over 2000 pages, the second edition also lives up to its claim of being a comprehensive analysisof the two most important documents in international refugee law. In addition to the in-depth analysis of each provision of both legal texts, the revised commentary offers a broad insight into international and national case law as well as an overview of the practice of states and international human rights courts and bodies. Cross-thematic and cross-chapter contributions complete the work.

Professor Andreas Zimmermann is Professor of Law, University of Potsdam and Director of the Potsdam Centre of Human Rights; Dr. jur. (Heidelberg), LL.M. (Harvard); former Member of the German delegation to the Preparatory Committee and the United Nations Diplomatic Conference on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, and of the UN Human Rights Committee; member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration; counsel in various cases before the ICJ; former judge ad hoc at the European Court of Human Rights; arbitrator under the annex to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties; member of the advisory board on international law of the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs; co-editor, inter alia, of The Statute of the International Court of Justice: A Commentary (Oxford University Press, 3rd edition, 2019).Professor Terje Einarsen is Professor of Law at University of Bergen (Norway) and Senior Research Associate, SOAS University of London. He holds a Ph.D. (Dr Juris) from the University of Bergen and a master's degree (LL.M.) from Harvard Law School. He is also a lawyer and member of the Norwegian Bar Association with permanent permission to appear before the Supreme Court. Einarsen was formerly a judge for ten years at the general Gulating High Court for the Western parts of Norway, and Head of the Human Rights Committee, Norwegian Judges' Association. He has also served as a permanent member of the Grand Chamber, Immigration Board of Appeals. He is chairperson of International Commission of Jurists, the Norwegian section (ICJ Norway) since 2018.Franziska M. Herrmann is a PhD candidate at the University of Potsdam, working in the context of the Berlin Potsdam Research Group "The International Rule of Law - Rise or Decline?". She studied law at the University of Potsdam and Bergen and holds a Bachelor of Law, as well as the German First State Examination.

• Filippo Grandi: Foreword 1: Claudena Skran and Evan Easton-Calabria: Historical Development of International Refugee Law 2: Terje Einarsen: Drafting History of the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol 3: Jane McAdam and Emma Dunlop: Interpretation of the 1951 Convention 4: Terje Einarsen and Jessica Schultz: Global Developments in Refugee Law 5: Anja Klug: Regional Developments: Europe 6: Sam Blay: Regional Developments: Asia 7: Jacob van Garderen: Regional developments: Africa 8: Flávia Piovesan, Liliana Lyra Jubilut and Melissa Casagrande: Regional developments: Americas 9: Ralf Alleweldt: Preamble to the 1951 Convention 10: Ralf Alleweldt: Preamble to the 1967 Protocol 11: Ralf Alleweldt: Final Act 12: Stefanie Schmahl: Art. 1 A, para. 1 1951 Convention 13: Andreas Zimmermann and Franziska M. Herrmann: Art. 1 A, para. 2 1951 Convention 14: Stefanie Schmahl: Art. 1 B 1951 Convention 15: Susan Kneebone and Maria O'Sullivan: Art. 1 C 1951 Convention 16: Mutaz Qafisheh and Francesca Albanese: Art. 1 D 1951 Convention 17: Yao Li: Art. 1 E 1951 Convention 18: Joseph Rikhof and Philipp Wennholz: Art. 1 F 1951 Convention 19: Stefanie Schmahl: Art. 1 1967 Protocol 20: Hélène Lambert: Art. 2 1951 Convention 21: Mpoki Mwakagali and Reinhard Marx: Art. 3 1951 Convention 22: Christian Walter: Art. 4 1951 Convention 23: Achilles Skordas and Meltem Ineli-Ciger: Art. 5 1951 Convention 24: Mpoki Mwakagali and Reinhard Marx: Art. 6 1951 Convention 25: Achilles Skordas and Meltem Ineli-Ciger: Art. 7 1951 Convention 26: Ulrike Davy and Rebecca Thorburn Stern: Art. 8 1951 Convention 27: Ulrike Davy and Rebecca Thorburn Stern: Art. 9 1951 Convention 28: Stefanie Schmahl: Art. 10 1951 Convention 29: Roland Bank: Art. 11 1951 Convention 30: Rainer Hofmann, Adela Schmidt and Lssan Estifanos: Refugee Determination Procedures 31: Roland Bank: Refugees at Sea 32: Eileen Denza: Diplomatic Asylum 33: Axel Metzger: Art. 12 1951 Convention 34: Scott Leckie and Ezekiel Simperingham: Art. 13 1951 Convention 35: Axel Metzger: Art. 14 1951 Convention 36: Michael Teichmann: Art. 15 1951 Convention 37: Björn Elberling and Rebecca Thorburn Stern: Art. 16 1951 Convention 38: Alice Edwards: Art. 17 1951 Convention 39: Alice Edwards: Art. 18 1951 Convention 40: Alice Edwards: Art. 19 1951 Convention 41: Eve Lester: Art. 20 1951 Convention 42: Scott Leckie and Ezekiel Simperingham: Art. 21 1951 Convention 43: Andreas Zimmermann and Rebecca Thorburn Stern: Art. 22 1951 Convention 44: Eve Lester: Art. 23 1951 Convention 45: Eve Lester: Art. 24 1951 Convention 46: Eve Lester: Art. 25 1951 Convention 47: Marjoleine Zieck: Art. 26 1951 Convention 48: Jens Vedsted-Hansen: Art. 27 1951 Convention 49: Jens Vedsted-Hansen: Art. 28/Schedule 50: Boldizsár Nagy: Art. 29 1951 Convention 51: Boldizsár Nagy: Art. 30 1951 Convention 52: Gregor Noll: Art. 31 1951 Convention 53: Ulrike Davy and María-Teresa Gil-Bazo: Art. 32 1951 Convention 54: Walter Kälin, Martina Caroni and Lukas Heim: Art. 33, para. 1 1951 Convention 55: Philipp Wennholz and Joseph Rikhof: Art. 33, para. 2 1951 Convention 56: Reinhard Marx and Yao Li: Art. 34 1951 Convention 57: Marjoleine Zieck: Art. 35 1951 Convention/Article II 1967 Protocol 58: Stefanie Schmahl: Art. 36 1951 Convention/Article III 1967 Protocol, Marjoleine Zieck59:Art. 37 1951 Convention 60: Karin Oellers-Frahm: Art. 38 1951 Convention/Article IV 1967 Protocol 61: Robin Geiß and Yao Li: Art. 39 1951 Convention/Article V 1967 Protocol 62: María-Teresa Gil-Bazo: Art. 40 1951 Convention 63: María-Teresa Gil-Bazo: Art. 41 1951 Convention/Article VI 1967 Protocol 64: Alain Pellet: Art. 42 1951 Convention/Article VII 1967 Protocol 65: Robin Geiß and Yao Li: Art. 43 1951 Convention/Article VIII 1967 Protocol 66: Robin Geiß and Yao Li: Art. 44 1951 Convention/Article IX 1967 Protocol 67: Terje Einarsen: Art. 45 1951 Convention 68: Robin Geiß and Yao Li: Art. 46 1951 Convention/Article X 1967 Protocol 69: Robin Geiß and Yao Li: Testemonium 1951 Convention/Article XI 1967 Protocol

With over 2000 pages, the second edition also lives up to its claim of being a comprehensive analysisof the two most important documents in international refugee law. In addition to the in-depth analysis of each provision of both legal texts, the revised commentary offers a broad insight into international and national case law as well as an overview of the practice of states and international human rights courts and bodies. Cross-thematic and cross-chapter contributions complete the work.

Professor Andreas Zimmermann is Professor of Law, University of Potsdam and Director of the Potsdam Centre of Human Rights; Dr. jur. (Heidelberg), LL.M. (Harvard); former Member of the German delegation to the Preparatory Committee and the United Nations Diplomatic Conference on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, and of the UN Human Rights Committee; member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration; counsel in various cases before the ICJ; former judge ad hoc at the European Court of Human Rights; arbitrator under the annex to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties; member of the advisory board on international law of the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs; co-editor, inter alia, of The Statute of the International Court of Justice: A Commentary (Oxford University Press, 3rd edition, 2019).Professor Terje Einarsen is Professor of Law at University of Bergen (Norway) and Senior Research Associate, SOAS University of London. He holds a Ph.D. (Dr Juris) from the University of Bergen and a master's degree (LL.M.) from Harvard Law School. He is also a lawyer and member of the Norwegian Bar Association with permanent permission to appear before the Supreme Court. Einarsen was formerly a judge for ten years at the general Gulating High Court for the Western parts of Norway, and Head of the Human Rights Committee, Norwegian Judges' Association. He has also served as a permanent member of the Grand Chamber, Immigration Board of Appeals. He is chairperson of International Commission of Jurists, the Norwegian section (ICJ Norway) since 2018.Franziska M. Herrmann is a PhD candidate at the University of Potsdam, working in the context of the Berlin Potsdam Research Group "The International Rule of Law - Rise or Decline?". She studied law at the University of Potsdam and Bergen and holds a Bachelor of Law, as well as the German First State Examination.

• Filippo Grandi: Foreword 1: Claudena Skran and Evan Easton-Calabria: Historical Development of International Refugee Law 2: Terje Einarsen: Drafting History of the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol 3: Jane McAdam and Emma Dunlop: Interpretation of the 1951 Convention 4: Terje Einarsen and Jessica Schultz: Global Developments in Refugee Law 5: Anja Klug: Regional Developments: Europe 6: Sam Blay: Regional Developments: Asia 7: Jacob van Garderen: Regional developments: Africa 8: Flávia Piovesan, Liliana Lyra Jubilut and Melissa Casagrande: Regional developments: Americas 9: Ralf Alleweldt: Preamble to the 1951 Convention 10: Ralf Alleweldt: Preamble to the 1967 Protocol 11: Ralf Alleweldt: Final Act 12: Stefanie Schmahl: Art. 1 A, para. 1 1951 Convention 13: Andreas Zimmermann and Franziska M. Herrmann: Art. 1 A, para. 2 1951 Convention 14: Stefanie Schmahl: Art. 1 B 1951 Convention 15: Susan Kneebone and Maria O'Sullivan: Art. 1 C 1951 Convention 16: Mutaz Qafisheh and Francesca Albanese: Art. 1 D 1951 Convention 17: Yao Li: Art. 1 E 1951 Convention 18: Joseph Rikhof and Philipp Wennholz: Art. 1 F 1951 Convention 19: Stefanie Schmahl: Art. 1 1967 Protocol 20: Hélène Lambert: Art. 2 1951 Convention 21: Mpoki Mwakagali and Reinhard Marx: Art. 3 1951 Convention 22: Christian Walter: Art. 4 1951 Convention 23: Achilles Skordas and Meltem Ineli-Ciger: Art. 5 1951 Convention 24: Mpoki Mwakagali and Reinhard Marx: Art. 6 1951 Convention 25: Achilles Skordas and Meltem Ineli-Ciger: Art. 7 1951 Convention 26: Ulrike Davy and Rebecca Thorburn Stern: Art. 8 1951 Convention 27: Ulrike Davy and Rebecca Thorburn Stern: Art. 9 1951 Convention 28: Stefanie Schmahl: Art. 10 1951 Convention 29: Roland Bank: Art. 11 1951 Convention 30: Rainer Hofmann, Adela Schmidt and Lssan Estifanos: Refugee Determination Procedures 31: Roland Bank: Refugees at Sea 32: Eileen Denza: Diplomatic Asylum 33: Axel Metzger: Art. 12 1951 Convention 34: Scott Leckie and Ezekiel Simperingham: Art. 13 1951 Convention 35: Axel Metzger: Art. 14 1951 Convention 36: Michael Teichmann: Art. 15 1951 Convention 37: Björn Elberling and Rebecca Thorburn Stern: Art. 16 1951 Convention 38: Alice Edwards: Art. 17 1951 Convention 39: Alice Edwards: Art. 18 1951 Convention 40: Alice Edwards: Art. 19 1951 Convention 41: Eve Lester: Art. 20 1951 Convention 42: Scott Leckie and Ezekiel Simperingham: Art. 21 1951 Convention 43: Andreas Zimmermann and Rebecca Thorburn Stern: Art. 22 1951 Convention 44: Eve Lester: Art. 23 1951 Convention 45: Eve Lester: Art. 24 1951 Convention 46: Eve Lester: Art. 25 1951 Convention 47: Marjoleine Zieck: Art. 26 1951 Convention 48: Jens Vedsted-Hansen: Art. 27 1951 Convention 49: Jens Vedsted-Hansen: Art. 28/Schedule 50: Boldizsár Nagy: Art. 29 1951 Convention 51: Boldizsár Nagy: Art. 30 1951 Convention 52: Gregor Noll: Art. 31 1951 Convention 53: Ulrike Davy and María-Teresa Gil-Bazo: Art. 32 1951 Convention 54: Walter Kälin, Martina Caroni and Lukas Heim: Art. 33, para. 1 1951 Convention 55: Philipp Wennholz and Joseph Rikhof: Art. 33, para. 2 1951 Convention 56: Reinhard Marx and Yao Li: Art. 34 1951 Convention 57: Marjoleine Zieck: Art. 35 1951 Convention/Article II 1967 Protocol 58: Stefanie Schmahl: Art. 36 1951 Convention/Article III 1967 Protocol, Marjoleine Zieck59:Art. 37 1951 Convention 60: Karin Oellers-Frahm: Art. 38 1951 Convention/Article IV 1967 Protocol 61: Robin Geiß and Yao Li: Art. 39 1951 Convention/Article V 1967 Protocol 62: María-Teresa Gil-Bazo: Art. 40 1951 Convention 63: María-Teresa Gil-Bazo: Art. 41 1951 Convention/Article VI 1967 Protocol 64: Alain Pellet: Art. 42 1951 Convention/Article VII 1967 Protocol 65: Robin Geiß and Yao Li: Art. 43 1951 Convention/Article VIII 1967 Protocol 66: Robin Geiß and Yao Li: Art. 44 1951 Convention/Article IX 1967 Protocol 67: Terje Einarsen: Art. 45 1951 Convention 68: Robin Geiß and Yao Li: Art. 46 1951 Convention/Article X 1967 Protocol 69: Robin Geiß and Yao Li: Testemonium 1951 Convention/Article XI 1967 Protocol

With over 2000 pages, the second edition also lives up to its claim of being a comprehensive analysisof the two most important documents in international refugee law. In addition to the in-depth analysis of each provision of both legal texts, the revised commentary offers a broad insight into international and national case law as well as an overview of the practice of states and international human rights courts and bodies. Cross-thematic and cross-chapter contributions complete the work.