Textile-Based Energy Harvesting and Storage Devices for Wearable Electronics

Xing Fan, PhD, is Professor in the College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering at Chongqing University in China. He received his PhD from Peking University and focuses his research on nanomaterials for energy applications. He has published over 50 scientific articles and helped design 50 patents.Nannan Zhang, PhD, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, China.Yi Wang, Chongqing City Management College, China.

• Preface xi1 On the Basis of Fibers and Textiles 11.1 On the Basis of Fibers 21.1.1 Nature Fibers 21.1.2 Chemical Fibers 41.1.3 Classical Functional Fibers 71.2 On the Basis of Textiles 111.2.1 Traditional Textiles 121.2.2 Classical Functional Textiles 151.3 The Evolution from Classical Functional Fibers to Intelligent Fibers and Textiles 201.3.1 Shape Memory Fibers and Textiles 201.3.2 Intelligent Temperature-Regulating Fibers and Textiles 221.3.3 Intelligent Color-Changing Fibers and Textiles 241.3.4 Wearable Electronic Intelligent Fibers and Textiles 271.4 Conclusions 30References 312 A Brief Introduction to Typical Film Deposition Technologies 332.1 Dry-Process Film Deposition Technologies 342.1.1 Physical Vapor Deposition for Film Deposition 342.1.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition for Film Deposition 372.1.3 Morphology and Pattern Design 412.2 Typical Wet-Process Technologies for Roll-to-Roll Device Fabrication 442.2.1 Chemical Reaction Coating for Thin Film Preparation 452.2.2 Electrochemical Reaction Method for Thin Film Preparation 492.2.3 Spray Pyrolysis 502.2.4 Langmuir–Blodgett Technique 512.3 Typical Film Structure Characterization Technologies 542.3.1 Thin Film Analysis Method: Crystal Structure Properties 542.3.2 Thin Film Analysis Method: Morphology Properties 582.3.3 Thin Film Analysis Method: Chemical Composition and Structure Properties 602.4 Conclusions 64References 653 The Fabrication Process of Intelligent Fibers and Textiles 693.1 The Synthesis of Classical Functional Fibers 703.1.1 Wet Spinning 703.1.2 Electrospinning 713.1.3 Dry Spinning 743.1.4 Thermal Drawing Process 743.1.5 Surface Modification Method 763.2 The Nano/Micro-Assembly on Fiber Materials 793.2.1 Chemical Liquid Phase Deposition 793.2.2 Plasma Spraying Method 873.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition 883.2.4 Physical Vapor Deposition 903.3 Device Assembly from Fibers to Textiles 913.3.1 Direct Coating Based on Fabric 923.3.2 Layer Stacking of Fabric Electrodes 943.3.3 Interweaving of Fiber Electrodes 953.3.4 Weaving of Fiber Devices 973.3.5 Other Assembly Methods 97References 1004 Energy Harvesting Fibers 1054.1 Photovoltaic Fibers 1054.1.1 Fiber-Shaped Inorganic Solar Cell 1064.1.2 Fiber-Shaped Organic Polymer Solar Cell 1084.1.3 Fiber-Shaped Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell 1134.1.4 Fiber-Shaped Perovskite Solar Cell 1194.2 Piezoelectric Fibers 1244.2.1 Working Principle of Piezoelectricity 1244.2.2 Piezoelectric Materials 1254.2.3 Fiber-Shaped Piezoelectric Devices Based on Piezoceramics 1264.2.4 Fiber-Shaped Piezoelectric Devices Based on Piezopolymers 1274.2.5 Fiber-Shaped Piezoelectric Devices Based on Piezocomposites 1304.3 Triboelectric Fibers 1324.3.1 Working Principle of Triboelectric Nanogenerator 1324.3.2 Triboelectrification Materials 1344.3.3 Triboelectric Fiber Devices 1354.4 Thermoelectric Fibers 1404.4.1 Introduction of Thermoelectric Effect 1404.4.2 TE Materials for Wearable Thermoelectric Devices 1414.4.3 Fiber-Shaped Thermoelectric Devices 1454.5 Conclusions and Outlook 147References 1485 Energy Storage Fibers 1575.1 Supercapacitor Fibers 1575.1.1 Supercapacitor Fibers with Carbon-Based Capacitive Materials 1595.1.2 Supercapacitor Fibers with Composited Capacitive Materials 1665.2 Battery Fibers 1695.2.1 Primary Battery Fibers 1705.2.2 Lithium-Ion Battery Fibers 1735.2.3 Lithium-Sulfur Battery Fibers 1745.2.4 Metal-Air Battery Fibers 1775.2.5 Other Battery Fibers 1805.3 Phase-Transit Fibers 1825.3.1 Phase-Transit Fibers Based on Hydrocarbons and Fatty Acids 1845.3.2 Phase-Transit Fibers Based on Fatty Alcohols 1875.3.3 Phase-Transit Fibers Based on Other Kinds of Phase-Transit Materials 1905.4 Conclusions 192References 1936 Smart Energy Textiles 1976.1 Energy Harvesting Textiles 1986.1.1 Photovoltaic Energy Harvesting Textiles 1986.1.2 Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting Textiles 2036.1.3 Mechanical Energy Harvesting Textiles 2056.2 Energy Storage Textiles 2096.2.1 Supercapacitor Textiles 2096.2.2 Primary Battery Textiles 2126.2.3 Secondary Battery Textiles 2136.3 Hybrid Energy Textiles 2186.3.1 Multiple Energy Harvesting Hybrid Textiles 2196.3.2 Harvesting-Storage Hybrid Energy Textiles 2226.4 Commercialization Power Requirements of Smart Energy Textiles 224References 2257 Function Expansion of Smart Energy Fibers and Textiles 2317.1 Stretchability of Smart Energy Fibers and Textiles 2317.1.1 Stretchable Electrode Based on Elastic Conductive Materials 2327.1.2 Stretchable Electrode Based Electrode Structural Designs 2367.1.3 Assembling of Fiber-Type and Textile-Type Stretchable Devices 2387.2 Hydrophobicity of Smart Energy Fibers and Textiles 2407.2.1 The History of Conventional Hydrophobic Fabrics 2407.2.2 The Development of Hydrophobic Coatings 2417.2.3 Fabricating Technologies for Hydrophobic Smart Energy Fibers and Textiles 2457.3 Endurability of Smart Energy Fibers and Textiles 2477.3.1 Mechanical Stability of Smart Energy Fibers and Textiles 2477.3.2 Chemical Stability of Smart Energy Fibers and Textiles 2497.3.3 OtherWorking Stability Under Complicate Environment 2517.4 Air Permeability of Smart Energy Fibers and Textiles 2537.4.1 The Influence of Textile Materials on Air Permeability 2537.4.2 The Influence of Textile Structure Design on Air Permeability 2557.5 Color-Change Ability of Smart Energy Fibers and Textiles 2587.5.1 Color-Changeable Materials 2597.5.2 Color-Changeable Textiles 2617.6 Conclusions 263References 2648 Emerging Electronic Fibers and Textiles 2738.1 Stress Sensing Textiles 2748.1.1 Piezoresistive Stress Sensing Textiles 2748.1.2 Capacitive Stress Sensing Textiles 2788.1.3 Other Stress Sensing Textiles 2848.2 Strain Sensing Textiles 2868.2.1 Piezoresistive Strain Sensing Textiles 2868.2.2 Capacitive Strain Sensing Textiles 2928.2.3 Triboelectricity Strain Sensing Textiles 2968.3 Chemical Sensing Textiles 2988.3.1 Ion Sensing Textiles 2988.3.2 Humidity Sensing Textiles 3018.3.3 Gas Sensing Textiles 3018.4 Other Function Coupled Textiles 3048.5 Conclusions and Outlook 306References 3069 Towards Self-Powered Electronic Textiles 3139.1 Self-Powered Electronic Devices 3139.1.1 Independent Self-Powered Electronic Devices 3149.1.2 Integrated Self-Powered Electronic Devices 3179.1.3 Other Types of Self-Powered Electronic Devices 3209.2 Flexible Self-Powered Electronic Devices 3219.2.1 Flexible Independent Self-Powered Electronic Devices 3229.2.2 Flexible Integrated Self-Powered Electronic Devices 3249.2.3 Other Types of Flexible Self-Powered Electronic Devices 3279.3 Self-Powered Electronic Fibers 3279.3.1 Fiber-Type and Textile-Type Independent Self-Powered Electronic Devices 3299.3.2 Textile-Type Integrated Self-Powered Electronic Devices 3319.4 Summary 335References 33610 The Future of Electronic Textiles 34110.1 Commercialization Requirements Beyond Energy Efficiency 34210.1.1 Energy Supply 34310.1.2 Electronic Function Expansion 34410.1.3 Mechanical Durability 34410.1.4 Wearability 34510.2 Challenges for Smart Electronic Textiles 34510.2.1 Energy Efficiency 34610.2.2 Diversity of Functions 34710.2.3 Wearing Comfort 34710.2.4 Fabrication Technology 34910.3 A Prospective Discussion on Smart Electronic Textiles 351References 355Index 357