Textbook of Diabetes

Richard I.G. Holt, Professor in Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Southampton, UK and Honorary Consultant Physician, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust. Professor Holt is also Chair of the EASD Committee for Clinical Affairs.Allan Flyvbjerg, Former CEO at Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen and Clinical Professor at University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Further, professor Flyvbjerg was President of the Danish Diabetes Association from 2000-2011 and is presently member of the Board of Directors of EASD, Chairman of the EASD Postgraduate Education Committee and Chairman of the Board of Directors of The Danish Diabetes and Endocrine Academy (DDEA).

• List of Contributors, viiiPreface, xvList of Abbreviations, xviPart 1 Diabetes in its Historical and Social Context1 The History of Diabetes Mellitus, 3Robert B. Tattersall and David R. Matthews2 Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes, 22Ambady Ramachandran, Chamukuttan Snehalatha, Arun Raghavan, and Arun Nanditha3 The Global Burden of Diabetes, 28Jessica L. Harding, Mary Beth Weber, and Jonathan E. Shaw4 Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes, 41Lars C. Stene and Jaakko Tuomilehto5 Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes, 55Ronald C.W. Ma and Peter C.Y. TongPart 2 Normal Physiology6 Overview of Glucose Metabolism, 77Richard I.G. Holt7 Islet Function and Insulin Secretion, 84Peter M. Jones and Shanta J. Persaud8 Glucagon in Islet and Metabolic Regulation, 99Jonathan E. Campbell and David A. D'Alessio9 Mechanism of Insulin Action, 111Morris F. White10 Central Control of Glucose Homeostasis, 128Kimberly M. Alonge, Kendra L. Francis, Nicole E. Richardson, and Michael W. Schwartz11 Control of Body Weight: How and Why Do We Gain Weight Easier Than We Lose It?, 142Janine Makaronidis and Rachel L. BatterhamPart 3 Pathogenesis of Diabetes12 The Genetics of Diabetes, 157Rashmi B. Prasad13 Genetics of Obesity, 197I. Sadaf Farooqi14 Autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes, 203Omar Akel and Ake Lernmark15 Other Disorders with Type 1 Diabetes and Atypical Phenotypes, 216Alice P.S. Kong, Elaine Y.K. Chow, Andrea O.Y. Luk, and Juliana C.N. Chan16 Abnormalities of Insulin Secretion and β-Cell Defects in Type 2 Diabetes, 225Stefano Del Prato, Cristina Bianchi, and Giuseppe Daniele17 Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes, 238Michael Roden, Kitt Falk Petersen, and Gerald I. Shulman18 Obesity and Diabetes, 250Nick Finer19 The Microbiome and Diabetes, 261Amanda J. Cox, Nicholas P. West, and Allan W. CrippsPart 4 Other Types of Diabetes20 Monogenic Causes of Diabetes, 275Brittany L. Resnick, Maggie H. Shepherd, and Andrew T. Hattersley21 Drug-Induced Diabetes, 295Charles D. Ponte and Devra K. Dang22 Diabetes in Hypersecreting Endocrine Disorders, 304Allan A. Vaag, Neil A. Hanley, and Caroline M. Kistorp23 Pancreatic Disease and Diabetes, 319Ranjit Unnikrishnan and Viswanathan Mohan24 Clinical Presentations of Diabetes, 330Ee Lin Lim and Roy TaylorPart 5 Managing the Person with Diabetes25 The Aims of Diabetes Care, 343Katharine D. Barnard-Kelly and Richard I.G. Holt26 Education to Empower the Person with Diabetes, 354Ingrid Willaing and Michael Vallis27 Dietary Management of Diabetes, 368Nicola Guess28 Physical Activities and Diabetes, 382Emma J. Cockcroft and Robert C. Andrews29 Monitoring Diabetes, 404Emma English30 Biomarkers and Precision Medicine in Diabetes, 414Sok Cin Tye, Michele Provenzano, and Hiddo J.L. HeerspinkPart 6 Treatment of Diabetes31 Insulin and Insulin Treatment, 431Roman Vangoitsenhoven, Parth Narendran, and Chantal Mathieu32 New Technologies for Glucose Monitoring, 444Thomas Danne and Olga Kordonouri33 New Technologies for Insulin Administration, 459Hannah Forde and Pratik Choudhary34 Whole Pancreas and Islet Cell Transplantation, 473Braulio A. Marfil-Garza, Peter A. Senior, and A.M. James Shapiro35 Oral Glucose-Lowering Agents, 492Clifford J. Bailey and Andrew J. Krentz36 Non-insulin Parenteral Therapies, 520Tina Vilsboll, Mikkel Christensen, Andreas Andersen, and Filip K. Knop37 How to Use Type 2 Diabetes Treatments in Clinical Practice, 534Thomas Karagiannis, Aris Liakos, and Apostolos Tsapas38 Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, 551Alexis Sudlow, Dimitri J. Pournaras, and Carel W. le Roux39 In-Hospital Treatment and Surgery in People with Diabetes, 559Ketan Dhatariya, Philip Newland-Jones, and Mayank Patel40 Hypoglycaemia in Diabetes, 579Ahmed Iqbal, Elaine Y.K. Chow, Timothy W. Jones, and Simon R. Heller41 Acute Metabolic Complications of Diabetes: Diabetic Ketoacidosis and the Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic State in Adults, 602Philip Newland-Jones, Mayank Patel, and Ketan DhatariyaPart 7 Microvascular Complications in Diabetes42 Pathogenesis of Microvascular Complications, 615Allan Flyvbjerg43 Diabetic Retinopathy, 629Toke Bek44 Diabetic Nephropathy, 640Peter Rossing and Allan Flyvbjerg45 Diabetic Neuropathy, 655Shazli Azmi, Uazman Alam, and Rayaz A. MalikPart 8 Macrovascular Complications in Diabetes46 Pathogenesis of Macrovascular Complications in Diabetes, 681Jakob A. Ostergaard, Tomasz J. Block, Sophia Dahm, Waheed Khan, and Karin A.M. Jandeleit-Dahm47 Hypertension and Diabetes, 700Peter M. Nilsson48 Dyslipidaemia and Diabetes, 713Adie Viljoen, Ahmed Handhle, and Anthony S. Wierzbicki49 Ischaemic Heart Disease in Diabetes, 724Michael Lehrke and Nikolaus Marx50 Heart Failure and Diabetes, 732Ambarish Pandey, Kershaw V. Patel, and Subodh Verma51 Cerebrovascular Disease and Diabetes, 745Colum F. Amory, Jesse Weinberger, and Travis S. Smith52 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 755Henrik H. SillesenPart 9 Other Complications of Diabetes53 Foot Problems in People with Diabetes, 771Frank L. Bowling, Keeley J. Foley, and Andrew J.M. Boulton54 Sexual Function in Men and Women with Diabetes, 780Kirsty Winkley, Camilla Kristensen, Jackie Fosbury, and David Price55 Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Diabetes, 796Michael Camilleri and Adil E. Bharucha56 Diabetes and Oral Health, 810Palle Holmstrup, Christian Damgaard, and Allan Flyvbjerg57 Diabetes and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, 820Alessandro Mantovani, Giovanni Targher, and Christopher D. Byrne58 The Skin in Diabetes, 838Paul Devakar Yesudian59 Bone and Rheumatic Disorders in Diabetes, 853Andrew Grey and Nicola Dalbeth60 Diabetes and Cancer: Risk, Outcomes, and Clinical Implications, 867Ellena Badrick, Emily J. Gallagher, and Andrew G. Renehan61 Diabetes and Infections, 878Andrea O.Y. Luk and Clive S. Cockram62 Sleep and Diabetes, 897Sonya Deschênes, Amy McInerney, and Norbert SchmitzPart 10 Psychosocial Aspects of Diabetes63 Psychosocial and Behavioural Aspects of Diabetes, 907Frans Pouwer and Jane Speight64 Role of Cognitive Function in Managing People with Diabetes, 922Tamsin Santos, Chelsea Baird, Sally Eastwood, Kerrie Shiell, and Joseph E. Ibrahim65 Mental Disorders and Diabetes, 933Najma Siddiqi, Marietta Stadler, and Richard I.G. Holt66 Social Aspects of Diabetes, 956Brian M. Frier and Mark W.J. Strachan67 Social Determinants of Diabetes, 973Keri F. Kirk, Gerald McKinley, Briana Mezuk, and Erica SpearsPart 11 Diabetes in Special Groups68 Ethnic, Cultural, and Religious Aspects to the Management of Diabetes, 987Wasim Hanif, Sarah N. Ali, and Vinod Patel69 Diabetes in Childhood, 999Jennifer M. Ikle, Ananta Addala, and David M. Maahs70 Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Diabetesin Transition, 1019Charlotte W. Chen and Lori M.B. Laffel71 Diabetes in Pregnancy, 1034David R. McCance and Laura Cassidy72 Diabetes in Old Age, 1072Ahmed H. Abdelhafiz and Alan J. Sinclair73 Diabetes at the End of Life, 1085Trisha Dunning and June JamesPart 12 Delivery and Organization of Diabetes Care74 The Role of the Multidisciplinary Team across Primary and Secondary Care, 1097Samuel Seidu and Kamlesh Khunti75 Models of Diabetes Care in Low-and Middle-Income Countries, 1107David Beran, Sigiriya Aebischer Perone, and Maria Lazo-PorrasPart 13 Future Directions76 Immunotherapies for Type 1 Diabetes, 1125Jesper Johannesen and Flemming Pociot77 Stem Cell Therapy in Diabetes, 1137Angelo Avogaro and Gian Paolo Fadini78 Gene Therapy for Diabetes, 1144Veronica Jimenez and Fatima Bosch79 Future Drug Treatments for Type 2 Diabetes, 1154Clifford J. BaileyIndex, 1167

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