Anne L. Clunan is Assistant Professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School. Peter R. Lavoy is National Intelligence Officer for South Asia at the National Intelligence Council. Susan B. Martin is Lecturer at the Department of War Studies and the Centre for Science and Security Studies at King's College London.

• Contents 1. Introduction: Identifying Biological Agents, Characterizing Events, Attributing Blame000 anne l. clunan Part 1: Case Studies 2. The U.S. Anthrax Letters: A Confirmed Case of BW Agent Use000 leonard a. cole 3. The 1994 Plague In Western India: Human Ecology and the Risks of Misattribution000 ron barrett 4. The Yellow Rain Affair: Lessons From a Discredited Allegation000 matthew s. meselson and julian perry robinson 5. "Yellow Rain" Biological Warfare Agent Use: Evidence and Remaining Questions000 rebecca katz 6. False Allegations of U.S. Biological Weapons Use during the Korean War000 milton leitenberg 7. Cuban Allegations of U.S. Biological Warfare: False Allegations and Their Impact on Attribution000 raymond a. zilinskas 8. Imperial Japan's Germ Warfare: The Suppression of Evidence at the Tokyo War Crimes Trial, 1946-1948000 jeanne guillemin 9. A Quantitative Overview of Biological Weapons: Identification, Characterization, and Attribution000 gary ackerman and victor asal Part 2: Policy and Scholarly Implications 10. U.S. Efforts to Investigate and Attribute the Use of Biological Weapons000 elisa d. harris 11. A UK View on Biological Weapons Attribution Policies: The Importance of Strengthening Norms Against Biological Weapons000 graham s. pearson 12. Multilateral Approaches to the Investigation and Attribution of Biological Weapons Use000 jonathan b. tucker 13. Building Information Networks for Bio-Security000 anne l. clunan 14. Conclusion: The Role of Attribution in Bio-Security Policy 000 susan b. martin anne l. clunan Index000

"Terrorism, War, or Disease? proves the importance of general awareness of biological weapons threads and the establishment of procedures to detect and respond to possible hostile attacks . . . Clunan's, Lavoy's, and Martin's book rightly emphasizes the need for adequate information networks on both national and international level, sufficient mechanism to investigate alleged uses of biological weapons, and, in particular, agreed standards on the evaluation of evidence."—Ines Peterson, Criminal Law Forum "This is a key book for anyone studying BW, WMD or public health, especially considering its highly impressive list of contributors. It is well focused, cohesive and achieves its objectives in an iformative and interesting way."—Michelle Bentley, Political Studies Review "Terrorism, War or Disease is a genuine synthesis of scholarship, analyzing the complexity of BW events and the political, social and natural factors that influence the interpretation and handling of available information. The lessons learned from each case study apply to a number of serious global issues of increasing importance and urgency. The writers are leaders in the field, known for their individual and collaborative scholarship."—Nancy Connell, Director, the Center for Biodefense, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey "This book offers flashes of insight over the dark terrain of bioterrorism. A real contribution." —Richard Danzig, Secretary of the Navy 1998-2001 "This book provides a much-needed, detailed and authoritative examination of the issues that have to be addressed in the accurate attribution of the causes of unusual outbreaks of disease and allegations of the use of biological weapons."—Hans Blix, Executive Chairman of the Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission

Anne L. Clunan is Assistant Professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School. Peter R. Lavoy is National Intelligence Officer for South Asia at the National Intelligence Council. Susan B. Martin is Lecturer at the Department of War Studies and the Centre for Science and Security Studies at King's College London.

• Contents 1. Introduction: Identifying Biological Agents, Characterizing Events, Attributing Blame000 anne l. clunan Part 1: Case Studies 2. The U.S. Anthrax Letters: A Confirmed Case of BW Agent Use000 leonard a. cole 3. The 1994 Plague In Western India: Human Ecology and the Risks of Misattribution000 ron barrett 4. The Yellow Rain Affair: Lessons From a Discredited Allegation000 matthew s. meselson and julian perry robinson 5. "Yellow Rain" Biological Warfare Agent Use: Evidence and Remaining Questions000 rebecca katz 6. False Allegations of U.S. Biological Weapons Use during the Korean War000 milton leitenberg 7. Cuban Allegations of U.S. Biological Warfare: False Allegations and Their Impact on Attribution000 raymond a. zilinskas 8. Imperial Japan's Germ Warfare: The Suppression of Evidence at the Tokyo War Crimes Trial, 1946-1948000 jeanne guillemin 9. A Quantitative Overview of Biological Weapons: Identification, Characterization, and Attribution000 gary ackerman and victor asal Part 2: Policy and Scholarly Implications 10. U.S. Efforts to Investigate and Attribute the Use of Biological Weapons000 elisa d. harris 11. A UK View on Biological Weapons Attribution Policies: The Importance of Strengthening Norms Against Biological Weapons000 graham s. pearson 12. Multilateral Approaches to the Investigation and Attribution of Biological Weapons Use000 jonathan b. tucker 13. Building Information Networks for Bio-Security000 anne l. clunan 14. Conclusion: The Role of Attribution in Bio-Security Policy 000 susan b. martin anne l. clunan Index000

"Terrorism, War, or Disease? proves the importance of general awareness of biological weapons threads and the establishment of procedures to detect and respond to possible hostile attacks . . . Clunan's, Lavoy's, and Martin's book rightly emphasizes the need for adequate information networks on both national and international level, sufficient mechanism to investigate alleged uses of biological weapons, and, in particular, agreed standards on the evaluation of evidence."—Ines Peterson, Criminal Law Forum "This is a key book for anyone studying BW, WMD or public health, especially considering its highly impressive list of contributors. It is well focused, cohesive and achieves its objectives in an iformative and interesting way."—Michelle Bentley, Political Studies Review "Terrorism, War or Disease is a genuine synthesis of scholarship, analyzing the complexity of BW events and the political, social and natural factors that influence the interpretation and handling of available information. The lessons learned from each case study apply to a number of serious global issues of increasing importance and urgency. The writers are leaders in the field, known for their individual and collaborative scholarship."—Nancy Connell, Director, the Center for Biodefense, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey "This book offers flashes of insight over the dark terrain of bioterrorism. A real contribution." —Richard Danzig, Secretary of the Navy 1998-2001 "This book provides a much-needed, detailed and authoritative examination of the issues that have to be addressed in the accurate attribution of the causes of unusual outbreaks of disease and allegations of the use of biological weapons."—Hans Blix, Executive Chairman of the Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission

Anne L. Clunan is Assistant Professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School. Peter R. Lavoy is National Intelligence Officer for South Asia at the National Intelligence Council. Susan B. Martin is Lecturer at the Department of War Studies and the Centre for Science and Security Studies at King's College London.

• Contents 1. Introduction: Identifying Biological Agents, Characterizing Events, Attributing Blame000 anne l. clunan Part 1: Case Studies 2. The U.S. Anthrax Letters: A Confirmed Case of BW Agent Use000 leonard a. cole 3. The 1994 Plague In Western India: Human Ecology and the Risks of Misattribution000 ron barrett 4. The Yellow Rain Affair: Lessons From a Discredited Allegation000 matthew s. meselson and julian perry robinson 5. "Yellow Rain" Biological Warfare Agent Use: Evidence and Remaining Questions000 rebecca katz 6. False Allegations of U.S. Biological Weapons Use during the Korean War000 milton leitenberg 7. Cuban Allegations of U.S. Biological Warfare: False Allegations and Their Impact on Attribution000 raymond a. zilinskas 8. Imperial Japan's Germ Warfare: The Suppression of Evidence at the Tokyo War Crimes Trial, 1946-1948000 jeanne guillemin 9. A Quantitative Overview of Biological Weapons: Identification, Characterization, and Attribution000 gary ackerman and victor asal Part 2: Policy and Scholarly Implications 10. U.S. Efforts to Investigate and Attribute the Use of Biological Weapons000 elisa d. harris 11. A UK View on Biological Weapons Attribution Policies: The Importance of Strengthening Norms Against Biological Weapons000 graham s. pearson 12. Multilateral Approaches to the Investigation and Attribution of Biological Weapons Use000 jonathan b. tucker 13. Building Information Networks for Bio-Security000 anne l. clunan 14. Conclusion: The Role of Attribution in Bio-Security Policy 000 susan b. martin anne l. clunan Index000

"Terrorism, War, or Disease? proves the importance of general awareness of biological weapons threads and the establishment of procedures to detect and respond to possible hostile attacks . . . Clunan's, Lavoy's, and Martin's book rightly emphasizes the need for adequate information networks on both national and international level, sufficient mechanism to investigate alleged uses of biological weapons, and, in particular, agreed standards on the evaluation of evidence."—Ines Peterson, Criminal Law Forum "This is a key book for anyone studying BW, WMD or public health, especially considering its highly impressive list of contributors. It is well focused, cohesive and achieves its objectives in an iformative and interesting way."—Michelle Bentley, Political Studies Review "Terrorism, War or Disease is a genuine synthesis of scholarship, analyzing the complexity of BW events and the political, social and natural factors that influence the interpretation and handling of available information. The lessons learned from each case study apply to a number of serious global issues of increasing importance and urgency. The writers are leaders in the field, known for their individual and collaborative scholarship."—Nancy Connell, Director, the Center for Biodefense, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey "This book offers flashes of insight over the dark terrain of bioterrorism. A real contribution." —Richard Danzig, Secretary of the Navy 1998-2001 "This book provides a much-needed, detailed and authoritative examination of the issues that have to be addressed in the accurate attribution of the causes of unusual outbreaks of disease and allegations of the use of biological weapons."—Hans Blix, Executive Chairman of the Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission