Telecommunications Handbook

EDITED BYJYRKI T. J. PENTTINENGIESECKE & DEVRIENT, USA

• Preface xxv Acknowledgements xxviiAbbreviations xxixList of Contributors xlv1 Introduction 1Jyrki T. J. Penttinen1.1 General 11.2 Short History of Telecommunications 21.3 The Telecommunications Scene 51.4 The Focus of the Book 151.5 Instructions for Reading the Book Contents 16References 202 Standardization and Regulation 23Jyrki T. J. Penttinen2.1 Introduction 232.2 Standardization Bodies 232.3 Industry Forums 382.4 Other Entities 442.5 Frequency Regulation 452.6 National Regulators 462.7 Guideline for Finding and Interpreting Standards 47References 473 Telecommunications Principles 49Jyrki T. J. Penttinen3.1 Introduction 493.2 Terminology and Planning Principles 493.3 Evolution 583.4 Spectrum Allocations 643.5 Physical Aspects 64References 714 Protocols 73Jyrki T. J. Penttinen4.1 Introduction 734.2 OSI 744.3 Fixed Networks 824.4 Mobile Networks 894.5 Data Networks 904.6 Error Recovery 934.7 LAP Protocol Family 964.8 Cross-Layer Protocol Principles 98References 995 Connectivity and Payment 101Jyrki T. J. Penttinen5.1 Connectivity 1015.2 Definitions 1015.3 IP Connectivity 1025.4 Wired Connectivity 1055.5 Radio Connectivity in the Near Field 1145.6 NFC and Secure Payment 1155.7 Secure Payment 1205.8 Bluetooth 1255.9 Hearing Aid Compatibility 1295.10 Other Connectivity Technologies 131References 1326 Fixed Telecommunications Networks 135Jyrki T. J. Penttinen6.1 Introduction 1356.2 Network Topologies 1356.3 Redundancy 1386.4 Telephone Network 1396.5 User Devices 1406.6 Plain Old Public Telephone System (POTS) 1456.7 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 1496.8 Intelligent Network (IN) 1536.9 SIP 1556.10 Telephony Solutions for Companies 1596.11 Transport 1616.12 Cloud Computing 161References 1637 Data Networks 165Jyrki T. J. Penttinen, Tero Jalkanen and Ilkka Keisala7.1 Introduction 1657.2 IPv4 1657.3 IPv6 1697.4 Routing 1727.5 ATM 1747.6 Frame Relay 1767.7 LAN and MAN 1777.8 Wi-Fi 1897.9 Inter-Operator Networks 202References 2048 Telecommunications Network Services and Applications 207Jyrki T. J. Penttinen8.1 Introduction 2078.2 Voice 2078.3 Messaging 2088.4 Audio and Video 2108.5 Health Care 2128.6 Education 2128.7 CSTA 2138.8 Advanced Telecommunications Functionalities 2148.9 Business Exchange 2188.10 Public IP Network Develops to NGN 2188.11 Voice Service Access Points 2228.12 Mobile Services 224References 2369 Transmission Networks 237Jyrki T. J. Penttinen and Juha Kallio9.1 Introduction 2379.2 Physical Transmission Systems 2379.3 Coding Techniques 2389.4 PCM 2419.5 Coding Techniques 2439.6 PDH 2459.7 SDH 2459.8 WDM 2469.9 Carrier Ethernet Transport 2479.10 IP Multimedia Subsystem 2509.11 Case Example: LTE Transport 2579.12 Cloud Computing and Transport 257References 25910 Modulation and Demodulation 261Patrick Marsch and Jyrki Penttinen10.1 Introduction 26110.2 General 26110.3 Analog Modulation Methods 26210.4 Digital Modulation and Demodulation 264References 28011 3GPP Mobile Communications: GSM 281Jyrki T. J. Penttinen11.1 Introduction 28111.2 Development of GSM 28111.3 Specification of GSM 28511.4 Architecture of GSM 28611.5 Functionality of GSM 29411.6 Numbering of GSM 30311.7 GSM Data 30811.8 Dual Half Rate 31711.9 DFCA 34111.10 EDGE 34911.11 DLDC 35411.12 EDGE2 366References 36712 3GPP Mobile Communications: WCDMA and HSPA 371Patrick Marsch, Michat Maternia, Michal Panek, Ali Yaver, Ryszard Dokuczat and Rybakowski Marcin12.1 Network Architecture 37112.2 Physical Layer Aspects 37612.3 Radio Interface Procedures 38712.4 WCDMA/HSPA Evolution since Release 5 40212.5 Planning and Dimensioning of WCDMA/HSPA Networks 410References 41513 3GPP Mobile Communications: LTE/SAE and LTE-A 417Jacek Góra, Krystian Safjan, Jarostaw Lachowski, Agnieszka Szufarska, Stanistaw Strzyÿz,Szymon Stefánski, Damian Kolmas, Jyrki T. J. Penttinen, Francesco D. Calabrese,Guillaume Monghal, Mohammad Anas, Luis Maestro, Juha Kallio and Olli Ramula13.1 Introduction 41713.2 Architecture 41813.3 Elements 41913.4 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network 42213.5 Interfaces 42813.6 Protocol Stacks 43013.7 Layer 2 Structure 43413.8 LTE Radio Network 43513.9 LTE Spectrum 43613.10 Physical Layer 43813.11 SC-FDM and SC-FDMA 44813.12 Frame Structure and Physical Channels 44913.13 Physical Layer Procedures 45313.14 User Mobility 45513.15 Radio Resource Management Procedures 45713.16 Link Adaptation 45813.17 ICIC 45913.18 Reporting 46313.19 LTE Radio Resource Management 46613.20 RRM Principles and Algorithms Common to UL and DL 46713.21 Uplink RRM 47713.22 Downlink RRM 48213.23 Intra-LTE Handover 48513.24 LTE Release 8/9 Features 48713.25 LTE-Advanced Features (Rel. 10) 49613.26 LTE Transport and Core Network 50413.27 Transport Network 50613.28 Core Network 50913.29 Charging 510References 51314 Wireless LAN and Evolution 515Jyrki T. J. Penttinen14.1 Introduction 51514.2 WLAN Standards 51514.3 IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) 51514.4 IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) 52414.5 Evolved IEEE 802.16 (4G) 52914.6 Comparison of Wireless Technologies 534References 53615 Terrestrial Broadcast Networks 537Jyrki T. J. Penttinen15.1 Introduction 53715.2 Analog Systems 53715.3 Digital Radio 53915.4 Digital Television 540References 55216 Satellite Systems: Communications 555Jyrki T. J. Penttinen16.1 Introduction 55516.2 Principles of Satellite Systems 55616.3 Voice and Data Services 56916.4 Broadcast Satellite Systems 57116.5 Standardization 57416.6 Commercial Satellite Systems 57716.7 Radio Link Budget 595References 60117 Satellite Systems: Location Services and Telemetry 603Jyrki T. J. Penttinen17.1 General 60317.2 GPS 60417.3 GALILEO 60817.4 Positioning Systems: Other Initiatives 61417.5 Space Research 61617.6 Weather and Meteorological Satellites 61617.7 Military Systems 617References 61918 Other and Special Networks 621Pertti Virtanen and Jyrki T. J. Penttinen18.1 IS-95 62118.2 CDMA2000 62418.3 TETRA 625References 64019 Security Aspects of Telecommunications: 3GPP Mobile Networks 641Jyrki T. J. Penttinen19.1 Introduction 64119.2 Basic Principles of Protection 64119.3 GSM Security 64219.4 UMTS Security 64719.5 LTE Security 64919.6 LTE/SAE Service Security: Case Example 65919.7 Authentication and Authorization 66319.8 Customer Data Safety 66519.9 Lawful Interception 665References 66820 Planning of 2G Networks 669Jyrki T. J. Penttinen20.1 General Planning Guidelines for Fixed Networks 66920.2 Capacity Planning 67220.3 Coverage Planning 67520.4 Frequency Planning 67920.5 Parameter Planning 68120.6 Network Measurements 68320.7 Effects of Data Services on GSM Planning 68420.8 Other Planning Considerations 71420.9 GSM/GPRS Measurement and Simulation Techniques 72220.10 Simulations 729References 74121 Planning of Advanced 3G Networks 743Jyrki T. J. Penttinen21.1 Introduction 74321.2 Radio Network Planning Process 74321.3 Nominal Network Planning 74621.4 Capacity Planning 74921.5 Coverage Planning 75021.6 Self-Optimizing Network 75721.7 Parameter Planning 759References 77622 Planning of Mobile TV Networks 777Jyrki T. J. Penttinen22.1 Introduction 77722.2 High-Level Network Dimensioning Process 77722.3 Detailed Radio Network Design 79522.4 Radiation Limitations 81822.5 Cost Prediction and Optimization 819References 83023 Planning of Core Networks 835Jyrki T. J. Penttinen and Jukka Hongisto23.1 Introduction 83523.2 General Planning Guidelines for Fixed Networks 83523.3 Planning of the Networks 83623.4 Capacity Planning 83823.5 Network Evolution from 2G/3G PS Core to EPC 84023.6 Entering Commercial Phase: Support for Multimode LTE/3G/2G Terminals with Pre-Release 8 SGSN 84123.7 SGSN/MME Evolution 84523.8 Case Example: Commercial SGSN/MME Offering 84623.9 Mobile Gateway Evolution 84723.10 Case Example: Commercial GGSN/S-GW/P-GW Offering 84723.11 EPC Network Deployment and Topology Considerations 84823.12 LTE Access Dimensioning 850Reference 85124 EMF – Radiation Safety and Health Aspects 853Jouko Rautio and Jyrki T. J. Penttinen24.1 Introduction 85324.2 The EMF Question 85624.3 The Scientific Principle and Process: The Precautionary Principle 85624.4 The Expert Organizations and Regulation 85824.5 Some Topics of the EMF Debate 86024.6 SAR 86424.7 The Safety Distance and Installation 86624.8 Summing Up 86924.9 High-Power Network Planning 870References 88025 Deployment and Transition of Telecommunication Systems 883Michat Maternia25.1 Introduction 88325.2 Why to Deploy Wireless Systems 88325.3 Transition of Telecommunication Systems 88525.4 Network Deployments 88625.5 Spectrum Considerations for Network Transition 90025.6 Terminals Support for the Network Transition 90425.7 Evolution of Macro Sites and Deployment of Small Cells 90625.8 Beyond 4G Systems: 5G 91025.9 Challenges and Possibilities 911References 91326 Wireless Network Measurements 915Jyrki T. J. Penttinen26.1 Introduction 91526.2 Principles of Radio Interface Measurements 91526.3 GSM/GPRS 91526.4 LTE 92126.5 LTE Field Measurements 928References 934Index 935