Deepak Rawtani, CEng, PhD, is Associate Professor of Forensic Nanotechnology at the Institute of Research and Development, Gujarat Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar. His research focus is on functionalization of halloysite nanotubes, delivery of biomolecules and drugs immobilization. Besides being a Researcher, he is also a Technical Assessor for the National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories in the field of Forensic Biology and Pharmaceuticals.Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD, is Adjunct Professor in the Department of Chemistry & Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), USA. His research is focused on the applications of nanotechnology and advanced materials in the environment and analytical chemistry. Dr. Hussain is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals as well as prolific author and editor of several scientific monographs and handbooks in his research areas.

• Preface xxiEditor Biography xxiiiSection I Background of Forensic Science 11 History of Forensic Science 3Kavya Hemanth, Maithri Tharmavaram, and Gaurav Pandey1.1 Introduction 31.2 History of Origin of Forensic Science 41.3 History of Important Branches of Forensic Science 71.4 Conclusions 142 Conventional Technologies in Forensic Science 17Piyush K. Rao, Maithri Tharmavaram, and Gaurav Pandey2.1 Introduction 172.2 Conventional Techniques in Different Divisions of Forensic Science 192.3 Conclusions and Future Prospects 31Section II Forensic Samples 353 Biological Evidence and Their Handling 37Piyush K. Rao, Gaurav Pandey, and Maithri Tharmavaram3.1 Introduction 373.2 Classification of the Biological Evidence 393.3 Preservation of Viscera and Other Body Fluids in Death due to Poisoning 423.4 Collection of Blood for Isolation of the DNA 443.5 Semen and Seminal Stains 453.6 Vaginal Secretions 463.7 Urine and Saliva 463.8 Tissue/Teeth/Bone Sample 463.9 Vomit 473.10 Feces 473.11 Sweat 473.12 Nasal Secretion 473.13 Tears and Human Milk 473.14 Botanical Evidence Collection and Preservation 483.15 Challenges Encountered 493.16 Future Prospects and Conclusions 504 Physical Evidence and Their Handling 55Piyush K. Rao, Gaurav Pandey, and Maithri Tharmavaram4.1 Introduction 554.2 Classification of Physical Evidence 564.3 Precautions to Be Taken While Packaging 564.4 Collection and Handling of Evidence 584.5 Conclusions 75References 765 Chemical Evidences and Their Handling 79Piyush K. Rao, Gaurav Pandey, and Maithri Tharmavaram5.1 Introduction 795.2 Collection, Preservation, and Handling Methods 825.3 Conclusions 97Section III Analytical Techniques for Forensic Science 1016 Microscopy for Forensic Investigations 103Saeida Saadat, Gaurav Pandey, and Maithri Tharmavaram6.1 Introduction 1036.2 The Importance of Microscope in Forensic Investigations 1046.3 Types of Microscope Used in Forensic Sciences 1077 Chromatographic Techniques for Forensic Investigations 129Yogita Bhoj, Maithri Tharmavaram, Gaurav Pandey, Deepak Rawtani, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain7.1 Introduction 1297.2 Types of Chromatographic Techniques Used in Forensic Investigations 1317.3 Applications of Chromatographic Techniques in Forensic Investigations 1377.4 Conclusions and Future Aspects 1468 Hyphenated Techniques for Forensic Investigations 151Riddhi Trivedi, and Prajesh Prajapati8.1 Introduction 1518.2 Hyphenation and Modern Hyphenated Techniques 1538.3 Various Applications for Forensic Investigation Using Hyphenated Techniques 160Section IV Biometrics Technology for Forensic Science 1759 Conventional and Emerging Biometrics Techniques in Forensic Investigations 177Aayush Dey, Maithri Tharmavaram, Gaurav Pandey, Deepak Rawtani, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain9.1 Introduction 1779.2 Conventional Technologies in Forensic Science 1789.3 Emerging Technologies in Forensic Science 1919.4 Conclusions 194Section V Sensors Technology for Forensic Science 19910 Sensors for the Detection of Explosives and Gunshots Residues 201Kishan Koyani, Maithri Tharmavaram, Gaurav Pandey, Deepak Rawtani, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain10.1 Introduction 20110.2 Gunshot Residues 20310.3 Explosives 20710.4 Conclusions 21411 Sensors for the Detection of Illicit Drugs 221Sejal Purohit, Gaurav Pandey, Maithri Tharmavaram, Deepak Rawtani, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain11.1 Introduction 22111.2 Illicit Drugs in Forensic Science 22311.3 Conventional Techniques for the Detection of Illicit Drugs 22511.4 Sensors for the Detection of Illicit Drugs 22811.5 Conclusions 23312 Sensors for the Detection of Biological Fluids 239Shubhankar Dube, Maithri Tharmavaram, Gaurav Pandey, Deepak Rawtani, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain12.1 Introduction 23912.2 Biological Fluids at Crime Scenes 24012.3 Biosensors for Biological Fluids 24412.4 Conclusions 25413 Sensors for Dope Tests in Sports 259Devisree Anil, Gaurav Pandey, Maithri Tharmavaram, Deepak Rawtani, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain13.1 Introduction 25913.2 Various Drugs and Methods Used in Sports Doping 26013.3 Conventional Techniques in Doping 26313.4 Sensors for Dope Agent Analysis 26513.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 274Section VI Emerging Technologies in Forensic Science 27914 Nanotechnology and Taggant Technology in Forensic Science 281Payal V. Bhatt, Gaurav Pandey, Maithri Tharmavaram, Deepak Rawtani, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain14.1 Introduction 28114.2 Forensic Science 28214.3 Nanotechnology 28214.4 Taggant Technology 28414.5 Classification of Nanomaterials and Taggants 28514.6 Application of Nanotechnology in Forensic Science 28914.7 Application of Taggant Technology in Forensic Science 29314.8 Conclusions 296Section VII Modern Perspective of Forensic Science Technologies Software 30315 Advanced Forensic Models 305Akshay Sharma, and Piyush K. Rao15.1 Introduction 30515.2 Forensic Models 30615.3 Conclusions 321Section VIII Ethical and Legal Issues of Forensic Science 32716 Conventional and Internal Standards in Forensic Science 329Rohith Krishna, and Sheetal Rajan16.1 Introduction 32916.2 Accreditation in Forensic Science 33016.3 History of Forensic Science Accreditation 33016.4 Ethics in Forensic Science 33416.5 Standards in Forensic DNA Fingerprinting 33616.6 Standards in Forensic Toxicology 33716.7 Conclusions 339Section IX Economics and Commercialization of Forensic Science Technologies 34117 Commercialization of Regulatory Forensic Programs 343Aakash Arora17.1 Introduction 34317.2 Current Landscape of Forensic Science 34317.3 Changing World of Crime and Forensic Science 34517.4 Challenges for Forensic Science 34717.5 The Need for Regulatory Forensics 34917.6 Applicability of Regulatory Forensics 35217.7 Conclusions 353Section X Future of Forensic Science Technologies 35718 Future of Forensic and Crime Scene Science Technologies 359Aakash Arora18.1 Introduction 35918.2 Personal Identification 35918.3 Virtopsy 36318.4 DNA Analysis Technology 36418.5 Geotagging in Forensics 36618.6 Conclusions 367References 36719 Concluding Notes: Future of Technology in Forensic Science 371Deepak Rawtani, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain19.1 Introduction 37119.2 Modern Society and Forensic Science 37119.3 Emerging Challenges for Forensic Science 37219.4 Rereads of the Book 37219.5 Conclusions 374Index 375

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