Balwant Singh Mehta is Professor at the Institute for Human Development (IHD), New Delhi, India. He has authored 10 books and over 70 articles, published in peer-reviewed national and international journals, covering topics such as employment, inequality, poverty, child welfare, education, health and information and communications technology for development, and other human development-related issues. Recognised for his scholarly contribution, he has received several national and international fellowships and awards. He also writes opinion pieces and editorials in magazines, blogs, and national dailies.Bharat Singh holds a PhD from Faculty of Management Studies, University of Delhi, and is Professor in the Department of Economics, Satyawati College (Eve.), University of Delhi, India. He has teaching and research experience of over 33 years at the University of Delhi. He has accomplished two innovative research projects awarded by the University of Delhi. He has published 2 books and more than 24 articles/research papers related to employment, economic reforms, manpower restructuring, entrepreneurship, agriculture, and sustainability in various peer-reviewed national, international journals, and book chapters. He has delivered more than four dozen lectures and presented papers at various national and international fora.

• List of Figures viList of Tables viiAcknowledgements ixList of Abbreviations xi1 Introduction 12 Growth and employment 183 Information and communications technology and employment 434 Industry 4.0 technologies: Opportunities and risks 625 Emerging gig economy: A standard or non-standard work 886 New work environment: Work from home 1057 Skill and employment: Demand-supply gap 1168 Emerging policies and regulatory challenges 1349 Conclusion and way forward 148Appendix 170Bibliography 182Index 197

Balwant Singh Mehta is Professor at the Institute for Human Development (IHD), New Delhi, India. He has authored 10 books and over 70 articles, published in peer-reviewed national and international journals, covering topics such as employment, inequality, poverty, child welfare, education, health and information and communications technology for development, and other human development-related issues. Recognised for his scholarly contribution, he has received several national and international fellowships and awards. He also writes opinion pieces and editorials in magazines, blogs, and national dailies.Bharat Singh holds a PhD from Faculty of Management Studies, University of Delhi, and is Professor in the Department of Economics, Satyawati College (Eve.), University of Delhi, India. He has teaching and research experience of over 33 years at the University of Delhi. He has accomplished two innovative research projects awarded by the University of Delhi. He has published 2 books and more than 24 articles/research papers related to employment, economic reforms, manpower restructuring, entrepreneurship, agriculture, and sustainability in various peer-reviewed national, international journals, and book chapters. He has delivered more than four dozen lectures and presented papers at various national and international fora.

• List of Figures viList of Tables viiAcknowledgements ixList of Abbreviations xi1 Introduction 12 Growth and employment 183 Information and communications technology and employment 434 Industry 4.0 technologies: Opportunities and risks 625 Emerging gig economy: A standard or non-standard work 886 New work environment: Work from home 1057 Skill and employment: Demand-supply gap 1168 Emerging policies and regulatory challenges 1349 Conclusion and way forward 148Appendix 170Bibliography 182Index 197

Balwant Singh Mehta is Professor at the Institute for Human Development (IHD), New Delhi, India. He has authored 10 books and over 70 articles, published in peer-reviewed national and international journals, covering topics such as employment, inequality, poverty, child welfare, education, health and information and communications technology for development, and other human development-related issues. Recognised for his scholarly contribution, he has received several national and international fellowships and awards. He also writes opinion pieces and editorials in magazines, blogs, and national dailies.Bharat Singh holds a PhD from Faculty of Management Studies, University of Delhi, and is Professor in the Department of Economics, Satyawati College (Eve.), University of Delhi, India. He has teaching and research experience of over 33 years at the University of Delhi. He has accomplished two innovative research projects awarded by the University of Delhi. He has published 2 books and more than 24 articles/research papers related to employment, economic reforms, manpower restructuring, entrepreneurship, agriculture, and sustainability in various peer-reviewed national, international journals, and book chapters. He has delivered more than four dozen lectures and presented papers at various national and international fora.

• List of Figures viList of Tables viiAcknowledgements ixList of Abbreviations xi1 Introduction 12 Growth and employment 183 Information and communications technology and employment 434 Industry 4.0 technologies: Opportunities and risks 625 Emerging gig economy: A standard or non-standard work 886 New work environment: Work from home 1057 Skill and employment: Demand-supply gap 1168 Emerging policies and regulatory challenges 1349 Conclusion and way forward 148Appendix 170Bibliography 182Index 197