Systematic Reviews in Health Research

Matthias Egger is Professor of Epidemiology and Public Health at the Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and the Centre for Infectious Diseases Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, South Africa.Julian P.T. Higgins is Professor of Evidence Synthesis at Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. George Davey Smith is Professor of Clinical Epidemiology and Director of the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.

• Preface xixTribute xxiList of Contributors xxviiiAbout the Companion Website xxxiiiCHAPTER 1 Systematic Reviews in Health Research: An Introduction 1Matthias Egger, Julian P.T. Higgins, and George Davey SmithPART I Principles and Procedures 17CHAPTER 2 Principles of Systematic Reviewing 19Julian P.T. Higgins, George Davey Smith, Douglas G. Altman, and Matthias EggerCHAPTER 3 Identifying Randomized Controlled Trials 36Julie Glanville and Carol LefebvreCHAPTER 4 Assessing the Risk of Bias in Randomized Trials 55Matthew J. Page, Douglas G. Altman, and Matthias EggerCHAPTER 5 Investigating and Dealing with Publication Bias and Other Reporting Biases 74Matthew J. Page, Jonathan A.C. Sterne, Julian P.T. Higgins, and Matthias EggerCHAPTER 6 Managing People and Data 91Eliane Rohner, Julia Bohlius, Bruno R. da Costa, and Sven TrelleCHAPTER 7 Reporting and Appraisal of Systematic Reviews 109Larissa Shamseer, Beverley Shea, Brian Hutton, and David MoherPART II Meta-Analysis 129CHAPTER 8 Effect Measures 131Julian P.T. Higgins, Jonathan J. Deeks, and Douglas G. AltmanCHAPTER 9 Combining Results Using Meta-Analysis 159Jonathan J. Deeks, Richard D. Riley, and Julian P.T. HigginsCHAPTER 10 Exploring Heterogeneity 185Julian P.T. Higgins and Tianjing LiCHAPTER 11 Dealing with Missing Outcome Data in Meta-Analysis 204Ian R. White and Dimitris MavridisCHAPTER 12 Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis 220Mark C. Simmonds and Lesley A. StewartCHAPTER 13 Network Meta-Analysis 238Georgia Salanti and Julian P.T. HigginsCHAPTER 14 Dose-Response Meta-Analysis 258Nicola Orsini, Susanna C. Larsson, and Georgia SalantiPART III Specific Study Designs 271CHAPTER 15 Systematic Reviews of Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions 273Jelena Savovic, Penny F. Whiting, and Olaf M. DekkersCHAPTER 16 Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Accuracy 296Yemisi Takwoingi and Jonathan J. DeeksCHAPTER 17 Systematic Reviews of Prognostic Factor Studies 324Richard D. Riley, Karel G.M. Moons, Douglas G. Altman, Gary S. Collins, and Thomas P.A. DebrayCHAPTER 18 Systematic Reviews of Prediction Models 347Gary S. Collins, Karel G.M. Moons, Thomas P.A. Debray, Douglas G. Altman, and Richard D. RileyCHAPTER 19 Systematic Reviews of Epidemiological Studies of Etiology and Prevalence 377Matthias Egger, Diana Buitrago-Garcia, and George Davey SmithCHAPTER 20 Meta-Analysis in Genetic Association Studies 396Gibran HemaniPART IV Cochrane and Guideline Development 413CHAPTER 21 Cochrane: Trusted Evidence. Informed Decisions. Better Health 415Gerd Antes, David Tovey, and Nancy OwensCHAPTER 22 Using Systematic Reviews in Guideline Development: The GRADE Approach 424Holger J. SchünemannPART V Outlook 449CHAPTER 23 Innovations in Systematic Review Production 451Julian Elliott and Tari TurnerCHAPTER 24 Future for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis 463Shah Ebrahim and Mark D. HuffmanPART VI Software 481CHAPTER 25 Meta-Analysis in Stata 483David J. Fisher, Marcel Zwahlen, Matthias Egger, and Julian P.T. HigginsCHAPTER 26 Meta-Analysis in R 510Guido SchwarzerCHAPTER 27 Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software 535Michael BorensteinIndex 549