Swarm Intelligence

Kuldeep Singh Kaswan, PhD, is working in the School of Computing Science & Engineering, Galgotias University, Uttar Pradesh, India. He received his PhD in computer science from Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, and D. Engg. from Dana Brain Health Institute, Iran. His research interests are in brain-computer interface, cyborg, and data sciences. Jagjit Singh Dhatterwal, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Artificial Intelligence & Data Science, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, AP, India. He completed his doctorate in computer science from Mewar University, Rajasthan, India. He has numerous publications in international/national journals and conferences. Avadhesh Kumar, PhD, is Pro Vice-Chancellor at Galgotias University, India. He obtained his doctorate in computer science with a specialization in software engineering from Thapar University, Patiala, Punjab. He has more than 22 years of teaching and research experience and has published more than 40 research papers in SCI international journals/conferences. His research areas are aspect-oriented programming (AOP), software metrics, software quality, component-based software development (CBSD), artificial intelligence, and autonomic computing.

• Preface xi1 Introduction of Swarm Intelligence 11.1 Introduction to Swarm Behavior 11.1.1 Individual vs. Collective Behaviors 11.2 Concepts of Swarm Intelligence 21.3 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) 21.3.1 Main Concept of PSO 31.4 Meaning of Swarm Intelligence 31.5 What Is Swarm Intelligence? 41.5.1 Types of Communication Between Swarm Agents 41.5.2 Examples of Swarm Intelligence 41.6 History of Swarm Intelligence 51.7 Taxonomy of Swarm Intelligence 61.8 Properties of Swarm Intelligence 101.8.1 Models of Swarm Behavior 111.8.2 Self-Propelled Particles 111.9 Design Patterns in Cyborg Swarm 121.9.1 Design Pattern Creation 141.9.2 Design Pattern Primitives and Their Representation 161.10 Design Patterns Updating in Cyborg 191.10.1 Behaviors and Data Structures 201.10.2 Basics of Cyborg Swarming 201.10.3 Information Exchange at Worksites 211.10.4 Information Exchange Center 221.10.5 Working Features of Cyborg 231.10.6 Highest Utility of Cyborg 241.10.7 Gain Extra Reward 251.11 Property of Design Cyborg 251.12 Extending the Design of Cyborg 311.12.1 Information Storage in Cyborg 321.12.2 Information Exchange Any Time 341.12.3 The New Design Pattern Rules in Cyborg 341.13 Bee-Inspired Cyborg 351.14 Conclusion 362 Foundation of Swarm Intelligence 372.1 Introduction 372.2 Concepts of Life and Intelligence 382.2.1 Intelligence: Good Minds in People and Machines 402.2.2 Intelligence in People: The Boring Criterion 412.2.3 Intelligence in Machines: The Turing Criterion 422.3 Symbols, Connections, and Optimization by Trial and Error 432.3.1 Problem Solving and Optimization 432.3.2 A Super-Simple Optimization Problem 442.3.3 Three Spaces of Optimization 452.3.4 High-Dimensional Cognitive Space and Word Meanings 462.4 The Social Organism 492.4.1 Flocks, Herds, Schools and Swarms: Social Behavior as Optimization 502.4.2 Accomplishments of the Social Insects 512.4.3 Optimizing with Simulated Ants: Computational Swarm Intelligence 522.5 Evolutionary Computation Theory and Paradigms 542.5.1 The Four Areas of Evolutionary Computation 542.5.2 Evolutionary Computation Overview 572.5.3 Evolutionary Computing Technologies 572.6 Humans – Actual, Imagined, and Implied 582.6.1 The Fall of the Behaviorist Empire 592.7 Thinking is Social 612.7.1 Adaptation on Three Levels 622.8 Conclusion 623 The Particle Swarm and Collective Intelligence 653.1 The Particle Swarm and Collective Intelligence 653.1.1 Socio-Cognitive Underpinnings: Evaluate, Compare, and Imitate 663.1.2 A Model of Binary Decision 683.1.3 The Particle Swarm in Continuous Numbers 703.1.4 Pseudocode for Particle Swarm Optimization in Continuous Numbers 713.2 Variations and Comparisons 723.2.1 Variations of the Particle Swarm Paradigm 723.2.2 Parameter Selection 723.2.3 Vmax 723.2.4 Controlling the Explosion 733.2.5 Simplest Constriction 733.2.6 Neighborhood Topology 743.2.7 Sociometric of the Particle Swarm 743.2.8 Selection and Self-Organization 763.2.9 Ergodicity: Where Can It Go from Here? 773.2.10 Convergence of Evolutionary Computation and Particle Swarms 783.3 Implications and Speculations 783.3.1 Assertions in Cuckoo Search 793.3.2 Particle Swarms Are a Valuable Soft Intelligence (Machine Learning Intelligent) Approach 803.3.3 Information and Motivation 823.3.4 Vicarious vs. Direct Experience 833.3.5 The Spread of Influence 833.3.6 Machine Adaptation 843.3.7 Learning or Adaptation? 853.4 Conclusion 864 Algorithm of Swarm Intelligence 894.1 Introduction 894.1.1 Methods for Alternate Stages of Model Parameter Reform 904.1.2 Ant Behavior 904.2 Ant Colony Algorithm 924.3 Artificial Bee Colony Optimization 954.3.1 The Artificial Bee Colony 964.4 Cat Swarm Optimization 984.4.1 Original CSO Algorithm 984.4.2 Description of the Global Version of CSO Algorithm 1004.4.3 Seeking Mode (Resting) 1004.4.4 Tracing Mode (Movement) 1014.4.5 Description of the Local Version of CSO Algorithm 1014.5 Crow Search Optimization 1034.5.1 Original CSA 1044.6 Elephant Intelligent Behavior 1054.6.1 Elephant Herding Optimization 1074.6.2 Position Update of Elephants in a Clan 1084.6.3 Pseudocode of EHO Flowchart 1094.7 Grasshopper Optimization 1094.7.1 Description of the Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm 1114.8 Conclusion 1125 Novel Swarm Intelligence Optimization Algorithm (SIOA) 1135.1 Water Wave Optimization 1135.1.1 Objective Function 1155.1.2 Power Balance Constraints 1155.1.3 Generator Capacity Constraints 1165.1.4 Water Wave Optimization Algorithm 1165.1.5 Mathematical Model of WWO Algorithm 1175.1.6 Implementation of WWO Algorithm for ELD Problem 1185.2 Brain Storm Optimization 1195.2.1 Multi-Objective Brain Storm Optimization Algorithm 1205.2.2 Clustering Strategy 1205.2.3 Generation Process 1215.2.4 Mutation Operator 1225.2.5 Selection Operator 1225.2.6 Global Archive 1235.3 Whale Optimization Algorithm 1235.3.1 Description of the WOA 1245.4 Conclusion 1256 Swarm Cyborg 1276.1 Introduction 1276.1.1 Swarm Intelligence Cyborg 1296.2 Swarm Cyborg Taxis Algorithms 1326.2.1 Cyborg Alpha Algorithm 1356.2.2 Cyborg Beta Algorithm 1366.2.3 Cyborg Gamma Algorithm 1386.3 Swarm Intelligence Approaches to Swarm Cyborg 1396.4 Swarm Cyborg Applications 1406.4.1 Challenges and Issues 1456.5 Conclusion 1467 Immune-Inspired Swarm Cybernetic Systems 1497.1 Introduction 1497.1.1 Understanding the Problem Domain in Swarm Cybernetic Systems 1507.1.2 Applying Conceptual Framework in Developing Immune-Inspired Swarm Cybernetic Systems Solutions 1517.2 Reflections on the Development of Immune-Inspired Solution for Swarm Cybernetic Systems 1557.2.1 Reflections on the Cyborg Conceptual Framework 1557.2.2 Immunology and Probes 1577.2.3 Simplifying Computational Model and Algorithm Framework/Principle 1587.2.4 Reflections on Swarm Cybernetic Systems 1597.3 Cyborg Static Environment 1617.4 Cyborg Swarm Performance 1627.4.1 Solitary Cyborg Swarms 1627.4.2 Local Cyborg Broadcasters 1627.4.3 Cyborg Bee Swarms 1637.4.4 The Performance of Swarm Cyborgs 1637.5 Information Flow Analysis in Cyborgs 1657.5.1 Cyborg Scouting Behavior 1657.5.2 Information Gaining by Cyborg 1667.5.3 Information Gain Rate of Cyborgs 1697.5.4 Evaluation of Information Flow in Cyborgs 1707.6 Cost Analysis of Cyborgs 1707.6.1 The Cyborg Work Cycle 1717.6.2 Uncertainty Cost of Cyborgs 1727.6.3 Cyborg Opportunity Cost 1757.6.4 Costs and Rewards Obtained by Cyborgs 1767.7 Cyborg Swarm Environment 1797.7.1 Cyborg Scouting Efficiency 1797.7.2 Cyborg Information Gain Rate 1807.7.3 Swarm Cyborg Costs 1807.7.4 Solitary Swarm Cyborg Costs 1817.7.5 Information-Cost-Reward Framework 1817.8 Conclusion 1838 Application of Swarm Intelligence 1858.1 Swarm Intelligence Robotics 1858.1.1 What is Swarm Robotics? 1868.1.2 System-Level Properties 1868.1.3 Coordination Mechanisms 1878.2 An Agent-Based Approach to Self-Organized Production 1898.2.1 Ingredients Model 1908.3 Organic Computing and Swarm Intelligence 1938.3.1 Organic Computing Systems 1958.4 Swarm Intelligence Techniques for Cloud Services 1978.4.1 Context 1988.4.2 Model Formulation 1988.4.3 Decision Variable 1988.4.4 Objective Functions 1998.4.5 Solution Evaluation 2018.4.6 Genetic Algorithm (GA) 2038.4.7 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) 2048.4.8 Harmony Search (HS) 2068.5 Routing Protocols for Next-Generation Networks Inspired by Collective Behaviors of Insect Societies 2068.5.1 Classification Features of Network Routing Protocols 2098.5.2 Nearest Neighbor Behavior in Ant Colonies and the ACO Metaheuristic to Network Routing Protocols Inspired by Insect Societies 2138.5.3 Useful Ideas from Honeybee Colonies 2148.5.4 Colony and Workers Recruitment Communications 2158.5.5 Stochastic Food Site Selection 2158.6 Swarm Intelligence in Data Mining 2168.6.1 Steps of Knowledge Discovery 2168.7 Swarm Intelligence and Knowledge Discovery 2178.8 Ant Colony Optimization and Data Mining 2218.9 Conclusion 222References 223Index 231