Sustainable Environmental Engineering

WALTER Z. TANG, Ph.D., P.E., is an Associate Professor of Environmental Engineering in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing at Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA. MIKA SILLANPÄÄ, Ph.D., is a Professor in the Department of Green Chemistry, School of Engineering Science at the Lappeenranta University of Technology, Lappeenranta, Finland.

• Preface xv1 Renewable Resources and Environmental Quality 11.1 Renewable Resources and Energy 11.2 Human Demand and Footprint 51.2.1 Human Demand 51.2.2 Human Footprints 61.2.2.1 Water Footprints 71.2.2.2 Gray Water System 71.3 Challenges and Opportunities 91.3.1 Excessive Nitrogen Runoff 101.3.2 Phosphorus Depletion 101.3.3 Carbon Pollution 111.3.4 Peak Oil 111.3.5 Climate Change 111.4 Carrying Capacity 111.5 Air, Water, and Soil Quality Index 131.5.1 Air Quality Standards 131.5.2 Air Quality Index 131.5.3 Water Quality Index 141.5.4 Soil Quality Index 171.5.4.1 F1 (Scope) 171.5.4.2 F2 (Frequency) 171.5.4.3 F3 (Amplitude) 171.5.4.4 Soil Quality Index (SQI) 181.6 Air, Water, and Soil Pollution 191.6.1 Air Pollution 191.6.2 Water Pollution 191.7 Life Cycle Assessment 211.7.1 LCA Tools 221.8 Environmental Laws 221.9 Exercise 241.9.1 Questions 241.9.2 Assignment 251.9.3 Problems 251.9.4 Projects 251.9.4.1 Xiongan Project 251.9.4.2 Community Project 26References 262 Health Risk Assessment 292.1 Environmental Health 292.2 Environmental Standards 312.3 Health Risk Assessment 362.3.1 Hazard Identification 362.3.2 Dose–Response Curves 372.3.2.1 Nonlinear Dose–Response Assessment 372.3.2.2 Linear Dose–Response Assessment 402.3.3 Exposure Assessment 412.3.3.1 Cancer Screening Calculation for Dermal Contaminants in Water 412.3.3.2 Noncancer Screening Calculation for Contaminants in Residential Soil 432.3.4 DBP Health Advisory Concentration 442.3.5 Risk Characterizations 462.4 QSAR Analysis in HRA 462.4.1 Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) 482.4.2 Validation of QSAR Models 492.5 Quantification of Uncertainty 542.5.1 Quantification of QSAR Model’s Uncertainty 552.5.2 Monte Carlo Simulation 562.5.3 Comparison of Uncertainties of Different QSAR Models 602.5.4 Sensitivity Analysis by Monte Carlo Simulation 612.5.5 Computer Software for Quantitative Risk Assessment 622.6 Exercise 622.6.1 Questions 622.6.2 Calculation 622.6.3 Assignment 632.6.4 Projects 632.6.4.1 Xiongan Project 632.6.4.2 Community Project 63References 633 Twelve Design Principles of Sustainable Environmental Engineering 673.1 Sustainability 673.1.1 The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 683.2 Challenges and Opportunities 693.2.1 Challenges 693.2.2 Opportunities 713.3 Sustainable Environmental Engineering 743.3.1 SEE Metrics 763.4 SEE Design Principles 783.4.1 Principle 1: Integrated and Interconnected System Hierarchy 783.4.2 Principle 2: Reliability on Spatial Scale 793.4.3 Principle 3: System Resiliency on a Temporal Scale 803.4.3.1 Principle 4: Efficiency of Renewable Material 803.4.4 Principle 6: Prevention 823.4.5 Principle 7: Recovery 833.5 Principle 8: Separation 843.5.1 Principle 9: Treatment 853.5.2 Principle 10: Retrofitting and Remediation 863.5.3 Principle 11: Optimization through Modeling and Simulation 863.5.4 Principle 12: Balance Between Capital and Operating Costs 873.6 Implementation of the SEE Design Principles 883.6.1 Procedure to Implement SEE Design Principles 883.6.2 Integration of SEE into Undergraduate Education 893.7 Exercise 913.7.1 Questions 913.7.2 Calculation 913.7.3 Projects 923.7.3.1 Xiongan Project 923.7.3.2 Community Projects 923.7.3.3 Proposal Development 92References 934 Integrated and Interconnected Systems 954.1 Principle 1 954.2 Challenges and Opportunities 984.2.1 Market Size of Solid Waste Management in China 984.3 Integrated Solid Waste Management 1034.3.1 Integrated Solid Waste Management Market in China 1034.3.2 Strategy of ISWM 1034.3.3 LCA on Footprint of Solid Waste Recycle 1094.3.4 ISWM Data Analysis 1154.3.4.1 Calculations for Measuring Quantity 1154.3.4.2 Calculations for Composition 1164.3.5 Determining Waste Composition 1174.3.5.1 Moisture Content 1174.3.5.2 Calorific Value 1174.3.5.3 Chemical Composition 1174.3.5.4 Calorific Values 1194.3.5.5 Data Presentation 1194.3.6 Zero Waste 1204.3.7 Integrated Waster Resource Management (IWRM) 1244.3.8 Water Resource Recovery Facilities (WRRF) 1274.4 Integrated Air Quality Management (IAQM) 1314.5 Exercise 1324.5.1 Questions 1324.5.2 Calculation 1334.5.3 Projects 1334.5.3.1 Community Projects 1334.5.3.2 Xiongan Projects 134References 1345 Reliable Systems on a Spatial Scale 1355.1 Principle 2 1355.1.1 Central Versus Decentralized WWTP 1365.1.2 Best Practice for Small WWTPs 1375.2 Integrated System Approach 1375.2.1 The EPA Tools 1375.2.2 Integrated Engineering Design Example 1375.3 Scale-up of Laboratory or Pilot Design to Full-scale Plant 1415.3.1 Minimum Requirements for Validation Testing 1415.3.1.1 Collimated Beam Test 1415.3.2 Correlation of UV Sensitivity of Different Challenge Microorganisms with Target Microorganisms 1435.3.2.1 Sampling Ports 1445.3.3 Calculating the RED 1455.3.3.1 Flow Rate for Validation 1465.3.4 Uncertainty in Validation 1495.3.4.1 Calculating UIN for the Calculated Dose Approach 1495.3.4.2 Determining the Validated Dose and Validated Operating Conditions 1495.3.5 Collimated Beam Data Uncertainty 1525.3.6 Electrical Energy per Order (EE/O) 1535.4 Exercise 1545.4.1 Questions 1545.4.2 Calculation 1545.4.3 Projects 1555.4.3.1 Xiongan Design Project 1555.4.3.2 Community Proposal Project 155References 1556 Resiliency on Temporal Scale 1576.1 Principle 3 1576.2 Challenges and Opportunities 1596.3 Discharge Standards 1596.4 Population Growth 1606.5 Steady Versus Unsteady 1626.5.1 Equalization Basin 1626.6 Hydraulic Condition of Different Reactors 1676.7 Chemical Kinetics 1686.8 Group Theory Predicting Hydroxyl Radical Kinetic Constants 1726.9 Photocatalytic Oxidation of Halogen-substituted Meta-phenols by UV/TiO2 1726.10 Environmental Issues on Different Temporal Scales 1786.10.1 Correlation Between Temporal and Spatial Scales in the Sustainable Design of WTPs and WWTPs 1786.11 Exercise 1816.11.1 Questions 1816.11.2 Calculation 1816.11.3 Project 1816.11.3.1 Xiongan Project 1816.11.3.2 Community Proposal Project 182References 1827 Efficiency of Renewable Materials 1857.1 Principle 4 1857.2 Stoichiometry 1857.3 Avoid the Addition of Chemicals 1877.3.1 Avoid Acid Addition 1877.3.2 Replacing Chlorination with UV Disinfection 1937.3.3 Anammox to Replace Nitrification/Denitrification 1997.3.3.1 Nitrogen Forms 1997.3.3.2 Nitrification 2007.3.3.3 Denitrification 2007.3.3.4 Anammox 2017.4 Design Efficient Reactors 2037.4.1 Cost of Different Volume Reactors 2127.5 Exercise 2137.5.1 Questions 2137.5.2 Calculation 2137.5.3 Project 2137.5.3.1 Xiongan Project 2137.5.3.2 Proposal Project 214References 2148 Efficiency of Renewable Energy 2158.1 Principle 5 2158.2 Challenges and Opportunities 2168.2.1 Inefficient Combustion of Fossil Fuels 2168.2.2 Challenges in China 2178.3 Energy Conservation Laws 2188.3.1 Thermodynamics Laws 2188.3.2 The First Thermodynamic Law 2218.3.3 The Second Thermodynamic Law 2218.3.3.1 Energy Conversion 2218.3.3.2 Enthalpy 2228.3.3.3 Conservation of Energy 2228.4 Energy Balances 2238.4.1 Physical Framework by Thermodynamics 2248.4.2 Exergy 2258.5 Benchmarks for Unit Energy Consumption in WTP and WWTP 2258.5.1 Unit Energy Consumption Values in WTP 2258.5.2 Unit Energy Consumption Values in WWTP 2258.6 Energy Consumption by Pump 2328.6.1 Flow in Pipe 2328.6.2 Pump Station 2328.7 Solar Energy 2338.7.1 Calculation Solar Energy 2338.7.2 Solar-powered WWTP 2358.8 Exercise 2358.8.1 Questions 2358.8.2 Calculation 2368.8.3 Project 2368.8.3.1 Xiongan Project 2368.8.3.2 Community Project 236References 2369 Prevention 2399.1 Principle 6 2399.2 Challenges and Opportunities 2409.3 Green Infrastructure 2419.3.1 Integrated Urban Water Management Paradigm 2419.3.2 Green Infrastructure Design Tools 2429.3.3 Green Infrastructure Modeling Tools 2429.4 Design Tools of Rain Harvest 2449.4.1 Determine the Water Demand of a Public Bathroom 2449.4.2 Determine the Roof Area and the Tank Size 2479.4.3 Design Rainwater System by Cumulative Plot Method 2509.4.4 Design Rainwater System Design to Achieve the Smallest Roof Area 2529.4.4.1 Flowchart for Rainwater System 2529.4.5 Determine Roof Area for a Rainwater Harvest Tank Without Adding City Water in the First Year 2549.4.6 Design Rainwater Harvest Tank for Specific Roof Areas 2579.4.7 Design a Rainwater Harvest Tank of the Optimized Size 2609.5 Design Anaerobic Digester Reactor 2629.6 Green Roof Design 2639.6.1 Life Cycle Assessment 2659.6.2 Footprint 2669.7 Rain Garden Design 2689.7.1 Life Cycle Assessment 2709.7.2 Environmental Impacts of Aluminum 2719.7.3 Cost and Benefit Analysis of Rain Garden 2719.7.4 Water Footprint 2749.7.5 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Footprint 2749.8 Exercise 2769.8.1 Questions 2769.8.2 Calculations 2769.8.3 Projects 2769.8.3.1 Xiongan Project 2769.8.3.2 Community Proposal Project 277References 27710 Recovery 27910.1 Principle 7 27910.2 Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater 28010.2.1 Phosphorus Removal in Conventional Treatment 28110.2.2 Chemical Phosphorus Removal 28110.3 Phosphorus Recovery 28310.3.1 Enhanced Phosphorus Uptake 28310.3.2 Struvite Precipitation 28410.4 Capital and Operation Cost of Reclaiming Water for Reuse 28610.4.1 Building 28610.4.2 Headwork 29010.4.3 Oxidation 29310.4.4 Aerobic SBR 29710.4.5 MBR 30110.4.6 Microfiltration 30410.4.7 Reverse Osmosis 30810.4.8 Filtration 31110.4.9 Disinfection 31410.5 Exercise 31710.5.1 Questions 31710.5.2 Calculations 31810.5.3 Projects 31910.5.3.1 Xiongan Project 31910.5.3.2 Community Proposal Project 319References 31911 Separation 32111.1 Principle 8 32111.2 Challenges and Opportunities 32311.3 Precipitation 32411.4 Coagulation and Flocculation 32511.4.1 Camp–Stein Equation 32611.4.2 Static and Plug-flow Reactor Mixers 32711.4.3 Power, Pressure, and Pump in Reactors 32711.5 Membrane Filtration Systems 33311.6 Activated Carbon Adsorption 33511.7 Anaerobic Membrane Biological Reactor 33911.8 Air Stripping 34111.9 LCA Tools for WWTPs 35011.10 Capital and O&M Costs of Membrane Filtration 35311.11 Exercise 36111.11.1 Questions 36111.11.2 Calculation 36111.11.3 Projects 36111.11.3.1 Xiongan Project 36111.11.3.2 Community Projects 362References 36212 Treatment 36512.1 Principle 9 36512.2 Challenges 36512.3 Environmental Regulations 36612.4 UV Disinfection 37012.4.1 History 37012.4.2 Photochemistry 37012.4.3 UV Dose 37112.4.4 Absorption Coefficient 37212.4.5 Fluence 37212.4.6 UV Dose–Response 37412.5 Virus Sensitivity Index of UV Disinfection 37612.5.1 Virus Sensitivity Index (VSI) 37612.5.2 Applications of VSI 37912.6 Bacteria Sensitivity Index (BSI) with Shoulder Effect 38112.6.1 Bacteria Sensitivity Index (BSI) 38112.6.2 Shoulder Broadness Index (SBI) 38212.6.3 Transformation of H into ΔH/ΔHr 38212.6.4 Validation of the Models 38412.6.5 Application of the Model 38412.6.5.1 Experimental Data of UV Disinfection of ARBs 38412.6.5.2 Error Analysis of Predicted H Compared with the Observed H 38612.6.5.3 Prediction of Fluence Required at 5 log I for ARBs 38612.7 Emerging Treatment Technologies 38612.8 Design Considerations of UV Disinfection System 38912.8.1 UV Dose 39012.8.2 Hydraulic Retention Time 39012.8.3 UV Lamps 39112.8.4 Turbidity 39112.8.5 Typical Design Lives of Major UV Components 39112.9 Exercise 39212.9.1 Questions 39212.9.2 Calculations 39212.9.3 Projects 39212.9.3.1 Xiongan Project 39212.9.3.2 Community Proposal Project 392References 39213 Green Retrofitting and Remediation 39513.1 Principle 10 39513.2 Challenges of WWTP Design 39513.2.1 Energy Efficiency of Water and Wastewater Treatment 39613.3 Anaerobic Digestion for Biogas Production 39613.3.1 Operation Guidelines for Wastewater Treatment Plants 39713.4 Best Practice Benchmark 39913.5 Green Retrofitting 40013.5.1 Energy Auditing 40013.5.1.1 Phototrophic System 40413.5.1.2 Renewable Energy for WWTPs 40613.6 Sludge Processing and Disposal 40613.6.1 Design of Wastewater Sludge Thickeners 40713.6.2 Suspended Solids Removal Efficiency 40813.6.3 Anaerobic Digester Capacity 40913.6.4 Aerobic Sludge Digestion 40913.6.5 Retrofitting Strategies of WWTPs 41013.7 Green Remediation 41013.7.1 Green Remediation Metrics and Methods 41113.7.2 Approaches to Reducing Footprints 41613.7.2.1 Approaches to Reducing Materials and Waste Footprints 41613.7.2.2 Approaches to Reducing Water Footprints 41613.7.2.3 Approaches to Reducing Energy and Air Footprints 41713.7.3 Evaluation Methods 41913.7.3.1 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Evaluation Fact Sheet 41913.7.3.2 Future Land Use 42013.7.3.3 Green Building 42013.7.3.4 Post-remediation Site Conditions 42013.8 Tools 42113.9 Exercise 42113.9.1 Questions 42113.9.2 Calculation 42113.9.3 Projects 42213.9.3.1 Xiongan Project 42213.9.3.2 Community Project Proposal 422References 42314 Optimization through Modeling and Simulation 42514.1 Principle 42514.2 Introduction 42514.2.1 History of Landfill Leachate Quality 42614.2.2 Leachate Characteristics 42614.3 Challenges and Opportunities 42814.4 Modeling of the Fenton Process 42814.4.1 Kinetic Model of DMPO–OH EPR Signal 42914.5 Simulation 43614.6 Optimization 43714.6.1 Fenton Oxidation of Landfill Leachate 43714.6.2 Optimization Fenton Oxidation of Leachate 43914.6.3 Optimum Operating Conditions 44014.6.3.1 pH 44014.6.3.2 Reaction Time 44014.6.3.3 Effect of Reaction Time on Fenton Oxidation 44014.6.3.4 Temperature 44214.6.3.5 Fenton Reagent Dose 44214.6.3.6 Generalized Fenton Dosing for Landfill Leachate Treatment 44314.6.3.7 Total COD Removal Under Different LCOD 44414.6.3.8 Effect of LCOD on COD Removal Efficiency 44514.6.3.9 Effect of LCOD on Biodegradability 44514.6.3.10 Effect of LCOD on Cost of Fenton Process Treatment for Landfill Leachate 44614.7 Validation and Uncertainty 44714.8 Exercise 44814.8.1 Questions 44814.8.2 Calculations 44914.8.3 Projects 44914.8.3.1 Xiongan Project 44914.8.3.2 Community Project 449References 45015 Life Cycle Cost and Benefit Analysis 45315.1 Principle 45315.2 Challenges and Opportunities 45315.3 Optimum Pipe Size 45415.4 Advanced Oxidation Process Costs 46115.4.1 UV Disinfection 46115.5 Recovery of N and P 46515.5.1 Yield Coefficients 46615.5.2 Capital Cost of P Recovery Systems 46915.5.3 Activated Sludge 46915.5.4 Two-Stage Activated Sludge 47415.5.5 Three-Stage Activated Sludge 47715.5.6 Three-Stage Activated Sludge with Alum Addition 47915.5.7 Three-Stage Activated Sludge with Alum and Tertiary Clarifier 48215.5.8 Three-Stage Activated Sludge with Alum, Tertiary Clarifier, and Filtration 48415.5.9 Three-Stage Activated Sludge with Tertiary Clarifier and Activated Aluminum Absorption 48715.5.10 Three-Stage Activated Sludge with Tertiary Clarifier and Activated Absorption 48915.6 Entrepreneur in SEE 49215.6.1 Business Plan 49315.6.2 Finance of Environmental Infrastructure 49315.6.3 EEI Financing 49315.6.4 Financial Planning 49515.7 Innovation in SEE 49515.7.1 Innovative Technologies 49515.7.2 Innovative Consumer Products 49515.7.2.1 SteriPEN 49515.7.2.2 Drinkable Book™ 49615.7.3 Future of SEE 49615.8 Exercise 49715.8.1 Questions 49715.8.2 Calculations 49715.8.3 Projects 49715.8.3.1 Xiongan Project 49815.8.3.2 Community Project Proposal 49815.8.3.3 Course Project and Beyond 499References 499Index 501