Sustainable Construction

The late Charles J. Kibert, PhD, was Director of the Powell Center for Construction and Environment at the University of Florida and Professor in the M.E. Rinker Sr. School of Building Construction. He was co-Founder and President of the Cross Creek Initiative, a sustainable construction non-profit organization.

• Preface xvChapter 1: Introduction and Overview 1The Shifting Landscape of Green Buildings 2The Roots of Sustainable Construction 5The Vocabulary of Sustainable Development and Construction 10Rationale for High-Performance Buildings 14State and Local Green Building Initiatives 15Green Building Progress and Obstacles 17Trends in High-Performance Green Building 18Book Organization 24BREEAM Case Study: Bloomberg European Headquarters, London 25Summary and Conclusions 27Part I: Green Building Foundations 31Chapter 2: Background 35The Driving Forces for Sustainable Construction 37Ethics and Sustainability 40Basic Concepts and Vocabulary 48Major Environmental and Resource Concerns 57The Green Building Movement 62Case Study: OWP 11, Stuttgart, Germany 70Summary and Conclusions 73Chapter 3: Ecological Design 79Design Versus Ecological Design 81Contemporary Ecological Design 89Key Green Building Publications: Early 1990s 90Key Thinking About Ecological Design 93Evolving the Concept of Ecological Design 97Thermodynamics: Limits on Recycling and the Dissipation of Materials 107Case Study: Kroon Hall, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 110Synthesis 113Summary and Conclusions 114Part II: Assessing High-Performance Green Buildings 117Chapter 4: Green Building Assessment 119Purpose of Green Building Assessment Systems 119Major Green Building Assessment Systems Used in the US 123International Building Assessment Systems 127BREEAM Case Study: Bloomberg European Headquarters, London 129Green Star Case Study 134GBEL Case Study 140Summary and Conclusions 142Chapter 5: The US Green Building Council LEED Building Rating System 145Brief History of LEED 146Structure of the LEED Suite of Building Rating Systems 147LEED Credentials 149LEED v4.1 Structure and Process 150Green Building Certification Institute Relationship to the USGBC and LEED 152LEED Certification Process 152LEED Building Design and Construction Rating System 155Regional Priority 173Case Study: Stephan C. O’Connell Center at UF, Gainesville, Florida 174Summary and Conclusions 177Chapter 6: The Green Globes Building Assessment System 179Green Globes Building Rating Tools 180Structure of Green Globes for New Construction 182Section 1: Project Management (100 Points) 183Section 2: Site (150 Points) 184Section 3: Energy (260 Points) 184Section 4: Water (190 Points) 184Section 5: Materials (150 Points) 185Section 6: Indoor Environment (150 Points) 185Green Globes Assessment and Certification Process 185Green Globes Professional Credentials 187Case Study: Health Sciences Building, St. Johns River State College, St. Augustine, Florida 188Summary and Conclusions 194Part III: Green Building Design 195Chapter 7: The Green Building Design Process 197Conventional Versus Green Building Delivery Systems 197High-Performance Green Building Delivery System 200Executing the Green Building Project 201Owner Issues in High-Performance Green Building Projects 202Setting Priorities and Making Other Key Initial Decisions 203Selecting the Green Building Team 204Role of the LEED Accredited Professional or Green Globes Professional in the Process 204Integrated Design Process 205Role of the Charrette in the Design Process 210Green Building Documentation Requirements 212LEED Documentation 212Green Globes Documentation 214Case Study: Theaterhaus, Stuttgart, Germany 214Summary and Conclusions 218Chapter 8: The Sustainable Site and Landscape 221Land and Landscape Approaches for Green Buildings 222Land Use Issues 223Sustainable Landscapes 229Green, or Living, Roofs 233Vertical Landscaping 235Enhancing Ecosystems 235Stormwater Management 236Low-Impact Development 237Heat Island Mitigation 241Light Trespass and Pollution Reduction 243Assessment of Sustainable Sites: The Sustainable Sites Initiative 244Case Study: Iowa Utilities Board/Consumer Advocate Office Building 245Summary and Conclusions 250Chapter 9: Building Energy Efficiency Strategies 253Building Energy Issues 254High-Performance Building Energy Design Strategies 258HVAC Systems 279Water-Heating Systems 284Electrical Power System Components 286Innovative Energy Optimization Strategies 291Smart Buildings and Energy Management Systems (EMS) 300Ozone-Depleting Chemicals in HVAC Systems 300Case Study: The Pertamina Energy Tower: A Primer on Sustainable Skyscraper Design, Jakarta 301Chapter 10: Built Environment Hydrologic Cycle 313Global Water Resource Depletion 314Hydrologic Cycle Terminology 318Benefits of Water Efficiency 320High-Performance Building Hydrologic Strategy 320Building Plumbing Fixtures and Controls 324Nonpotable Water Sources 328Wastewater Strategies 333Baseline Water Model Example 337Use of Low-Flow Fixture Strategy 338Use of Alternative Water Sources Strategy 339Case Study: Lott Clean Water Alliance, Olympia, Washington 348Case Study: Blackwater Recycling System, Salesforce Tower, San Francisco 350Summary and Conclusions 352Chapter 11: Closing Materials Loops 355The Challenges of Materials and Product Selection 357Issues in Green Building Materials and Product Selection 358Selecting Building Materials and Products with a Focus on a Closed-Loop Materials System 365Life-Cycle Assessment 368Materials and Product Certification 375Key and Emerging Construction Materials and Products 375CLT Case Study: Brock Commons at the University of British Columbia 381Case Study of Closing the Loop: Ecoworx® Carpet Tiles 385Design for Deconstruction and Disassembly 389Case Study: Project XX Office Building, Delft, Netherlands 392Summary and Conclusions 395Chapter 12: Built Environment Carbon Footprint 399Human Impact on the Biogeochemical Carbon Cycle 400Climate Change and the Carbon Cycle 403Climate Change Mitigation 407Defining the Carbon Footprint of the Built Environment 411Reducing the Carbon Footprint of the Built Environment 418Carbon Neutrality and its Applicability to Buildings 419Focusing on Mitigating Project Climate Change Impacts 421Carbon Neutrality Case Study: The Hong Kong Zero Carbon Building 422Carbon Neutrality Case Study: Glaxosmithkline Carbon Neutral Laboratory for Sustainable Chemistry, Nottingham, UK 423Carbon Footprint Case Study: Rinker Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville 428Chapter 13: Indoor Environmental Quality 435Indoor Environmental Quality: The Issues 435Integrated IEQ Design 445Addressing the Main Components of Integrated Design 449HVAC Systems and IEQ 465Emissions from Building Materials 468The WELL and Fitwel Building Standards 474Summary and Conclusions 475Part IV: Green Building Implementation 479Chapter 14: Construction Operations and Commissioning 481Site Protection Planning 481Managing Indoor Air Quality during Construction 486Construction Materials Management 489Construction and Demolition Waste Management 492Commissioning 495Summary and Conclusions 501Chapter 15: Green Building Economics 503General Approach 504The Business Case for High-Performance Green Buildings 507Economics of Green Building 509Quantifying Green Building Benefits 510Managing First Costs 522Tunneling through the Cost Barrier 525Summary and Conclusions 527Chapter 16: Resilience in the Context of Sustainable Construction 529Resilience Concepts and Scope 530Codes and Standards for Built Environment Resilience 532Designing Resilient Buildings 535Green Building Assessment and Resilience 536Community Resilience 539Resilient Community Case Study: Boston 540Resilience Building Case Studies: Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, and the Salt Lake City Public Safety Building 542Chapter 17: The Cutting Edge of Sustainable Construction 547Articulating Performance Goals for High-Performance Green Buildings 548The Challenges 548Revamping Ecological Design 556Today’s Cutting Edges 559Case Study of a Cutting-Edge Design: The Federal Building, San Francisco 561Case Studies of Green Skyscrapers 566Summary and Conclusions 578Appendix A Green Globes for New Construction Based on ANSI/Gbapp01-2019 581Appendix B WELL Building Standard® Features Matrix and Fitwel Building Standard® Features Matrix 589Appendix C The Sustainable Sites Initiative™ (SITES™) v2 Rating System for Sustainable Land Design and Development 595Appendix D Resilient Design Strategies at Building Scale 599Appendix E Abbreviations and Acronyms 601Glossary 607Index 621

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