Survey Methodology

ROBERT M. GROVES , PhD, is Professor and Director of the University of Michigan Survey Research Center and Research Professor at the Joint Program in Survey Methodology at the University of Maryland. FLOYD J. FOWLER, PhD, is Senior Research Fellow in the Center for Survey Research at the University of Massachusetts Boston.MICK P. COUPER, PhD, is Research Professor at both the University of Michigan Survey Research Center and the Joint Program in Survey Methodology at the University of Maryland.JAMES M. LEPKOWSKI, PhD, is Research Professor at the University of Michigan Survey Research Center, where he is also Associate Professor in the Department of Biostatistics and Director of the Joint Program in Survey Methodology.ELEANOR SINGER, PhD, is Research Professor Emerita at the University of Michigan Survey Research Center.ROGER TOURANGEAU, PhD, is Research Professor at both the University of Michigan Survey Research Center and the Joint Program in Survey Methodology at the University of Maryland.

• PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xv PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xixACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xxiCHAPTER 1. AN INTRODUCTION TO SURVEY METHODOLOGY1.1 Introduction 21.2 A Brief History of Survey Research 31.3 Some Examples of Ongoing Surveys 71.4 What is Survey Methodology? 301.5 The Challenge of Survey Methodology 321.6 About this Book 34CHAPTER 2. INFERENCE AND ERROR IN SURVEYS2.1 Introduction 392.2 The Lifecycle of a Survey From a Design Perspective 412.3 The Lifecycle of a Survey from A Quality Perspective 492.4 Putting It All Together 602.5 Error Notions in Different Kinds of Statistics 612.6 Nonstatistical Notions of Survey Quality 622.7 Summary 63CHAPTER 3. TARGET POPULATIONS, SAMPLING FRAMES, AND COVERAGE ERROR3.1 Introduction 693.2 Populations and Frames 693.3 Coverage Properties of Sampling Frames 723.4 Alternative Frames for the Target Population of Households or Persons 813.5 Frame Issues for Other Common Target Populations 843.6 Coverage Error 873.7 Reducing Undercoverage 883.8 Summary 94CHAPTER 4. SAMPLE DESIGN AND SAMPLING ERROR4.1 Introduction 974.2 Samples and Estimates 994.3 Simple Random Sampling 1034.4 Cluster Sampling 1064.5 Stratification and Stratified Sampling 1134.6 Systematic Selection 1234.7 Complications in Practice 1254.8 Sampling US Telephone Households 1334.9 Selecting Persons Within Households 1364.10 Summary 138CHAPTER 5. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION5.1 Alternative Methods of Data Collection 1505.2 Choosing the Appropriate Method 1595.3 Effects of Different Data Collection Methods on Survey Errors 1605.4 Using Multiple Modes of Data Collection 1755.5 Summary 177CHAPTER 6. NONRESPONSE IN SAMPLE SURVEYS6.1 Introduction 1836.2 Response Rates 1836.3 Impact of Nonresponse on the Quality of Survey Estimates 1896.4 Thinking Causally About Survey Nonresponse Error 1916.5 Dissecting the Nonresponse Phenomenon 1926.6 Design Features to Reduce Unit Nonresponse 2016.7 Item Nonresponse 2086.8 Are Nonresponse Propensities Related to Other Error Sources? 2106.9 Summary 210CHAPTER 7. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS IN SURVEYS7.1 Alternatives Methods of Survey Measurement 2177.2 Cognitive Processes in Answering Questions 2187.3 Problems in Answering Survey Questions 2257.4 Guidelines for Writing Good Questions 2427.5 Summary 252CHAPTER 8. EVALUATING SURVEY QUESTIONS8.1 Introduction 2598.2 Expert Reviews 2608.3 Focus Groups 2618.4 Cognitive Interviews 2638.5 Field Pretests and Behavior Coding 2658.6 Randomized or Split-Ballot Experiments 2678.7 Applying Question Standards 2688.8 Summary of Question Evaluation Tools 2698.9 Linking Concepts of Measurement Quality to Statistical Estimates 2748.10 Summary 286CHAPTER 9. SURVEY INTERVIEWING9.1 The Role of the Interviewer 2919.2 Interviewer Bias 2929.3 Interviewer Variance 2959.4 Strategies for Reducing Interviewer Bias 3009.5 Strategies for Reducing Interviewer-Related Variance 3029.6 The Controversy About Standardized Interviewing 3129.7 Interviewer Management 3159.8 Validating the Work of Interviewers 3199.9 The Use of Recorded Voices (and Faces) in Data Collection 3229.10 Summary 323CHAPTER 10. POSTCOLLECTION PROCESSING OF SURVEY DATA10.1 Introduction 32910.2 Coding 33110.3 Entering Numeric Data into Files 34410.4 Editing 34510.5 Weighting 34710.6 Imputation for Item-missing data 35410.7 Sampling Variance Estimation for Complex Samples 35910.8 Survey Data Documentation and Metadata 36310.9 Summary 365CHAPTER 11. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES RELATED TO ETHICAL RESEARCH11.1 Introduction 37111.2 Standards for the Conduct of Research 37111.3 Standards for Dealing with Clients 37411.4 Standards for Dealing with the Public 37511.5 Standards for Dealing with Respondents 37611.6 Emerging Ethical Issues 38411.7 Research About Ethical Issues in Surveys 38411.8 Administrative and Technical Procedures for Safe-Guarding Confidentiality 39211.9 Summary and Conclusions 398KeywordsFor More In-Depth ReadingExercisesCHAPTER 12. FAQS ABOUT SURVEY METHODOLOGY12.1 Introduction 40512.2 The Questions and Their Answers 405REFERENCES 421INDEX 451