Superconductivity

Reinhold Kleiner is professor for experimental solid-state physics at the University of Tübingen, Germany. He studied physics at the Technical University of Munich, and received his PhD with a thesis on high temperature superconductors. After spending two years at the University of California at Berkeley, he returned to Germany. His research interests include superconductivity and magnetism. Werner Buckel (1920–2003) was Professor at the Technical University of Karlsruhe and established the Institute for Superconductivity at the Research Center in Jülich. Among other honorary positions, Professor Buckel was president of the German Physical Society and the European Physical Society and was a member of the Heidelberg Academy of the Sciences and the Leibnitz Society, Berlin.

• Preface to the Third Edition IXIntroduction 1References 91 Fundamental Properties of Superconductors 111.1 The Vanishing of the Electrical Resistance 111.2 Ideal Diamagnetism, Flux Lines, and Flux Quantization 211.3 Flux Quantization in a Superconducting Ring 301.4 Superconductivity: A Macroscopic Quantum Phenomenon 331.5 Quantum Interference 451.5.1 Josephson Currents 471.5.2 Quantum Interference in a Magnetic Field 59References 712 Superconducting Elements, Alloys, and Compounds 752.1 Introductory Remarks 752.1.1 Discovery, Preparation, and Characterization of New Superconductors 752.1.2 Conventional and Unconventional Superconductors 762.2 Superconducting Elements 782.3 Superconducting Alloys and Metallic Compounds 832.3.1 The β-Tungsten Structure 842.3.2 Magnesium Diboride 862.3.3 Metal–Hydrogen Systems 872.4 Fullerides 882.5 Chevrel Phases and Boron Carbides 892.6 Heavy-Fermion Superconductors 922.7 Natural and Artificial Layered Superconductors 942.8 The Superconducting Oxides 962.8.1 Cuprates 962.8.2 Bismuthates, Ruthenates, and Other Oxide Superconductors 1032.9 Iron Pnictides and Related Compounds 1042.10 Organic Superconductors 1072.11 Superconductivity at Interfaces 110References 1113 Cooper Pairing 1173.1 Conventional Superconductivity 1173.1.1 Cooper Pairing by Means of Electron–Phonon Interaction 1173.1.2 The Superconducting State, Quasiparticles, and BCSTheory 1243.1.3 Experimental Confirmation of Fundamental Concepts about the Superconducting State 1293.1.3.1 The Isotope Effect 1303.1.3.2 The Energy Gap 1333.1.4 Special Properties of Conventional Superconductors 1503.1.4.1 Influence of Lattice Defects on Conventional Cooper Pairing 1503.1.4.2 Influence of Paramagnetic Ions on Conventional Cooper Pairing 1573.2 Unconventional Superconductivity 1633.2.1 General Aspects 1633.2.2 Cuprate Superconductors 1703.2.3 Heavy Fermions, Ruthenates, and Other Unconventional Superconductors 1863.2.4 FFLO-State and Multiband Superconductivity 193References 1964 Thermodynamics and Thermal Properties of the Superconducting State 2014.1 General Aspects ofThermodynamics 2014.2 Specific Heat 2054.3 Thermal Conductivity 2094.4 Ginzburg–LandauTheory 2124.5 Characteristic Lengths of the Ginzburg–LandauTheory 2164.6 Type-I Superconductors in a Magnetic Field 2214.6.1 Critical Field and Magnetization of Rod-Shaped Samples 2214.6.2 Thermodynamics of the Meissner State 2264.6.3 Critical Magnetic Field of Thin Films in a Field Parallel to the Surface 2304.6.4 The Intermediate State 2314.6.5 TheWall Energy 2354.6.6 Influence of Pressure on the Superconducting State 2394.7 Type-II Superconductors in a Magnetic Field 2444.7.1 Magnetization Curve and Critical Fields 2464.7.2 The Shubnikov Phase 2564.8 Fluctuations above the Transition Temperature 2684.9 States Outside Thermodynamic Equilibrium 272References 2775 Critical Currents in Type-I and Type-II Superconductors 2835.1 Limit of the Supercurrent Due to Pair Breaking 2835.2 Type-I Superconductors 2855.3 Type-II Superconductors 2915.3.1 Ideal Type-II Superconductor 2915.3.2 Hard Superconductors 2965.3.2.1 Pinning of Flux Lines 2965.3.2.2 Magnetization Curve of Hard Superconductors 3015.3.2.3 Critical Currents and Current–Voltage Characteristics 310References 3186 Josephson Junctions and Their Properties 3216.1 Current Transport across Interfaces in a Superconductor 3216.1.1 Superconductor–Insulator Interface 3216.1.2 Superconductor–Normal Conductor Interfaces 3286.1.3 Superconductor–Ferromagnet Interfaces 3356.2 The RCSJ Model 3376.3 Josephson Junctions under Microwave Irradiation 3426.4 Vortices in Long Josephson Junctions 3466.5 Quantum Properties of Superconducting Tunnel Junctions 3576.5.1 Coulomb Blockade and Single-Electron Tunneling 3586.5.2 Flux Quanta and Macroscopic Quantum Coherence 363References 3687 Applications of Superconductivity 3737.1 Superconducting Magnetic Coils 3747.1.1 General Aspects 3747.1.2 Superconducting Cables and Tapes 3757.1.3 Coil Protection 3867.2 Superconducting Permanent Magnets 3887.3 Applications of Superconducting Magnets 3907.3.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 3907.3.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 3947.3.3 Particle Accelerators 3957.3.4 Nuclear Fusion 3977.3.5 Energy Storage Devices 3987.3.6 Motors and Generators 4017.3.7 Magnetic Separation and Induction Heaters 4047.3.8 Levitated Trains 4057.4 Superconductors for Power Transmission: Cables, Transformers, and Current Fault Limiters 4067.4.1 Superconducting Cables 4077.4.2 Transformers 4097.4.3 Current Fault Limiters 4117.5 Superconducting Resonators and Filters 4127.5.1 High-Frequency Behavior of Superconductors 4137.5.2 Resonators for Particle Accelerators 4177.5.3 Resonators and Filters for Communications Technology 4207.6 Superconducting Detectors 4257.6.1 Sensitivity,Thermal Noise, and Environmental Noise 4267.6.2 Incoherent Radiation and Particle Detection: Bolometers and Calorimeters 4277.6.3 Coherent Detection and Generation of Radiation: Mixers, Local Oscillators, and Integrated Receivers 4317.6.4 Quantum Interferometers as Magnetic Field Sensors 4407.6.4.1 SQUID Magnetometer: Basic Concepts 4407.6.4.2 Environmental Noise, Gradiometers, and Shielding 4507.6.4.3 Applications of SQUIDs 4547.7 Superconductors in Microelectronics 4597.7.1 Voltage Standards 4607.7.2 Digital Electronics Based on Josephson Junctions 463References 468Monographs and Article Collections 477History of Superconductivity 477General Books 477Special Materials 477Tunnel Junctions, Josephson Junctions, and Vortices 477Nonequilibrium Superconductivity 478Applications of Superconductivity 478General Overview 478Magnets, Cables, Power Applications 478Microwaves, Magnetic Field Sensors, Electronics 478Low Temperature Physics and Technology 478Index 479

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