Submarines in International Law

Dr. Natalie Klein is a Professor at University of New South Wales, Sydney's Faculty of Law & Justice, Australia. Australia has nominated Professor Klein as a conciliator under Annex V and arbitrator under Annex VII of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. Her research focuses on the law of the sea. Dr. Kate Purcell is a Research Fellow at University of New South Wales, Sydney's Faculty of Law and Justice, Australia. Her previous publications include Geographical Change and the Law of the Sea (2019), a monograph considering the implications of sea level rise for maritime baselines and boundaries in international law. Jack McNally is a Research Fellow at University of New South Wales, Sydney's Faculty of Law and Justice, Australia and a practising international lawyer. His practice and research focuses on public international law, international arbitration, the law of the sea, and international environmental law.

• 1. Introducing submarines in international law; Part I. A Legal History of Submarines: 2. The rise of the submarine: belligerency, neutrality and emerging laws of passage in World war I; 3. Regulating submarines in the inter-war period from Versailles (1919) to The Hague (1930); 4. The impact of the second Sino Japanese war and World War II; 5. The post-war settlement, the early cold war, and the 1958 law of the sea conventions; 6. To UNCLOS and beyond: strategic domination in submarine regulation; Part II. Contemporary International Law of Submarines: 7. Regimes of passage in the territorial sea, international straits and archipelagic waters; 8. Military activities, intelligence gathering, and other submarine activities in the exclusive economic zone; 9. Submarines, threats or uses of force and the right of self-defence; 10. Submarine warfare under international law; 11. Navigational safety and sunken submarines; 12. Submarines and protection of the marine environment; 13. Submarines and criminal activity; 14. Underwater maritime autonomous vehicles and the future of submarines.