Strengthening BRICS in Areas of Internal Security, Public Health, Disaster Management and the Role of Media

Venkat Ram Reddy Minampati is Associate Professor of Governance and Public Administration at Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, India. His research interests include agriculture and water resource management, urban governance, and digital governance. He has published articles on sustainable development, internal security, transport governance, and public administration. He is associated with the American Society for Public Administration, BRICS-Research Institute, and the Indian Institute for Public Administration.Dylan Yanano Mangani is a Community of Practice (CoP) in Law, Governance and Security at the BRICS Research Institute housed at Durban University of Technology in South Africa. He holds a PhD in Politics and International Relations with a research focus on BRICS plus studies, Russia’s military-security framework in Africa, ontological and indivisible security in international relations, African nationalist politics and non-violence. Dylan has published in internationally accreditted journals and media houses including Sputnik Africa.Pradeep Mallik is Professor of Mass Communication and Head of Languages, Literature and Aesthetics at Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, India. His research interests include development communication, digital literacy, and media ethics. He was Former Deputy Resident Editor at Ahmedabad Mirror with three decades of media experience. He has published articles on democracy, social marketing, and literacy (2012–2018).Jean Chrysostome K. Kiyala is Senior Lecturer and researcher at the International Centre of Nonviolence, based at the Durban University of Technology (DUT) in South Africa; Associate Professor and visiting lecturer at the University of Bandundu, in Bandundu Town (the DRCogo), Evangelical University in Africa, Buvavu Town (the DR Congo), University of Seychelles in Mahe (the Republic of Seychelles), DUT in Durban (South Africa). . Chrys is the founder of the A Hipfunaneni [Let us help each other] Community Project that provides psychosocial assistance to Zimbabwean and Mozambican refugees in Limpopo Province (South Africa). His specialisations consist of restorative justice, post-conflict reconciliation and nation-building, civil society and peacebuilding, environmental studies, peace studies, and governance.

• Chapter 1 Introduction Pradeep Mallik, Venkat Ram Reddy Minampati, Yanano Dylan Mangani, Jean Chrysostome K. Kiyala1.1 Background of BRICS+ Dynamics 1.1.1 Navigating Internal Security Challenges 1.1.2 Advancing Public Health Security 1.1.3 Mitigating Disaster Risks 1.1.4 Navigating Media Governance Challenges 1.2 Methodology 1.3 Structure 1.3.1 Part I: Internal Security in the BRICS+ Nations 1.3.3 Part II: Public Health in the BRICS+ nations 1.3.4 Part III: BRICS+ Disaster Management 1.3.5 Part IV Role of Media 1.4. Conclusion: Navigating Complex Challenges, Fostering Cooperation Chapter 2 Theorisation and Conceptualisation of the BRICS+ Countries Internal Security Dylan Yanano Mangani2.1 Introduction 2.2 Problematising Internal Security 2.3 Regime survival 2.4 Immigration issues 2.5 Insurgency and maritime issues 2.6 Militarised politics and internal security issues 2.7 Conclusion Chapter 3 Critiquing Strategic Essentialism, Identity Politics & Internal Security in India’s North-Eastern Insurgency Dylan Yanano Mangani and Krishnavardhan Narad Yadav3.1 Introduction 3.2 Identity and identity politics 3.3 Securitisation of Identity – An internal security perspective. 3.4 Strategic essentialism in India 3.5 Toward a conception of identity assertations in India 3.6 Northeast India – Internal security challenges & Strategic Essentialism. 3.6.1 Historical reasons 3.6.2 Border Problems 3.7 Conclusion Chapter 4 Peace and Prosperity: The Role of Internal Security in BRICS+ Countries Brian Mahosi, Ayanda Sibiya, and Zuziwe Mpanza4.1 Introduction 4.2 Internal Security: Concept and Significance 4.2.1 Definition of Internal Security 4.2.2 The importance of Internal Security 4.2.3 Advantages of Internal Security 4.2.4 Economic Impact of Internal Security in BRICS+ Countries 4.2.5 Linkage between Internal Security and National Development 4.3 Internal Security Challenges in BRICS+ Countries 4.4 Internal Security Strategies in BRICS+ Countries 4.4.1 Strengthening Law Enforcement Agencies 4.4.2 International Cooperation and Information Sharing 4.4.3 Community Engagement and Public Awareness 4.5 A dichotomy of Internal Security Strategies in BRICS+ Countries 4.5.1 Counterterrorism Measures 4.5.2 Cybersecurity Initiatives 4.5.3 Law Enforcement and Border Security 4.5.4 Social Cohesion and Inclusion Policies 4.5.5 Public Health Preparedness 4.5.6 Counter-Organized Crime Efforts 4.5.7 Corruption Prevention and Governance Reforms 4.5.8 Community Policing and Intelligence Sharing 4.5.9 Conflict Resolution and Diplomacy 4.5.10 Natural Resource Management 4.5.11 Education and Awareness Programs 4.6 Case Studies: Internal Security Approaches in BRICS+ Countries 4.6.1 China: Counterterrorism and Cybersecurity Integration 4.6.2 India: Multi-Faceted Counterterrorism and Border Security 4.6.3 Brazil: Community Policing and Urban Security Initiatives 4.6.4 Russia: Counterterrorism and National Resilience 4.6.5 South Africa: Community Policing and Crime Prevention 4.6.6 Mexico: Combating Transnational Organized Crime 4.6.7 Indonesia: Counterterrorism and De-radicalization Efforts 4.6.8 Turkey: Counterterrorism and Border Security 4.7 An analysis of Internal Security Strategies 4.8 Future Prospects and Challenges 4.8.1 Future Prospects 4.8.2 Future Challenges 4.9 Conclusion 4.10 Recommendations for Enhancing Internal Security Chapter 5 Bridging Borders for Health: Exploring BRICS+ Unity in Public Health Security Ayobami Precious Adekola and Moleboheng Mokhele – Ramulumo5.1 Introduction 5.2 Policy and Institutional Frameworks for BRICS+ Cooperation on Public Health Security 5.3 Case Studies in BRICS+ Public Health Cooperation 5.4 Overview of Collaborative Models, Lessons Learned, and Best Practices in BRICS+ Public Health Security 5.5 Resource Allocation and Investment 5.6 The Role of Diplomacy in Enhancing BRICS+ Public Health Security 5.7 Conclusion Chapter 6 Uncovering India’s Overlooked Health Security Threats Sakshi Verma and Paramveer Singh6.1 Introduction 6.2 Background Study: Health Security in the Anthropocene Era Since 1945 6.3 Health Infrastructure in India 6.4 Variables Influencing Health Security 6.4.1 Literacy Rate 6.4.2 Communicable or non-communicable diseases 6.4.3 Medical Infrastructure 6.4.4 Economic Growth 6.4.5 Doctors and Medicine Availability 6.4.6 GDP Expenditure 6.5 Impact of Pandemic on Healthcare Securities 6.5.1 Challenges during Pandemic 6.5.2 After the impact of the Pandemic 6.5.3 Lockdown & Digitalization 6.6 BRICS country’s corporation and relations support 6.7 Methodology 6.8 Conclusion Chapter 7 Health Emergencies: Collaborative Responses in Creating Health Infrastructure in BRICS Countries Sriram Divi and Parvathy N7.1 Introduction 7.2 COVID-19 Pandemic and Challenges Faced by BRICS Countries 7.3 Best Practices Observed Around the World 7.4 Collaborative Responses to COVID-19 in BRICS Countries 7.5 Conclusion Chapter 8 Dynamics of Health Security: Relative Performance in the BRICS Countries Md. Nurul Momen8.1 Introduction 8.2 Unified Health Governance Block 8.3 The healthcare systems and state health policies 8.4 Fundamental health indicators 8.4.1 Life expectancy 8.4.2 Under five maternal mortalities 8.4.3 Vaccination and health services 8.5 Future significant healthcare issues and concerns 8.5.1 Population Aging and Declining 8.5.2 Rising Diseases 8.5.3 Advancement in Medical Treatment 8.5.4 Vaccine diplomacy and production 8.5.5 Systems of public health and innovation 8.5.6 Decentralization in healthcare 8.6 Solutions and promises for health security 8.6.1 Inter-BRICS health cooperation 8.6.2 Reforms in health systems 8.6.3 Increased financial support and partnership 8.7 Will BRICS Plus—Equal Partnership or Unequal? 8.8 Conclusion Chapter 9 Personnel Deficiency and Health System Resilience: The Imperative for BRICS Cooperation on Public Health Security in South Africa Sanni Oluwole Kazeem9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Background to the study 9.1.2 Statement of the research problem 9.2 Literature Review 9.2.1 Personnel Deficiency in BRICS Nations 9.2.2 Health System Resilience 9.2.3 Public Health Security 9.3 Personnel Deficiency in BRICS Health Systems: An Overview 9.3.1 Brazil 9.3.2 Russia 9.3.3 India 9.3.4 China 9.3.5 South Africa 9.4 Potential areas for BRICS cooperation 9.5 Recommendations 9.6 Conclusion Chapter 10 Conceptualising the Strengths and Weakness of Disaster Risk Management in BRICS Countries post 1950 to 2023. Venkat Ram Reddy Minampati and Shreya Dave10.1 Introduction 10.2 Conceptualising Disaster Risk Management 10.3 Disaster Risk Management Cycle 10.3.1 Pre-Disaster Stage 10.3.2 Post-Disaster Stage 10.4 Global Framework and Disaster Risk Management in BRICS Countries 10.5 Steps Taken for Disaster Risk Management by BRICS Countries 10.6 Anthropocene Challenges in strengthening DRR In BRICS Countries 10.7 Suggestions for Way Forward 10.7.1 Institutional Arrangements 10.7.2 Local knowledge/awareness about disaster management 10.7.3 Building Back Better 10.7.4 Integration of Scientific Evidence 10.7.5 Public and Private Investment 10.8 Observations and Recommendations 10.8.1 Adequate resources 10.8.2 Clear roles and responsibilities 10.8.3 Comprehensive risk assessment 10.9 Conclusion Chapter 11 Strengthening Capacity of Disaster Cycle in BRICS+ Countries Paul Sugandhar Darur and Venkat Ram Reddy Minampati11.1 Introduction 11.2 Sustainable Development and Disaster Risk Management 11.3 BRICS+ Nations Path in Disaster Risk Management 11.3.1 Arab Republic of Egyp 11.3.2 Ethiopia 11.3.3 United Arab Emirates (UAE) 11.3.4 Iran 11.3.5 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 11.4 Strengthening Institutional Capacities Building toward Efficient Disaster Management in BRICS+ Countries. 11.4.1 Engage stakeholders in capacity development 11.4.2 Assess capacity assets and needs 11.4.3 Formulate a capacity development response 11.4.4 Implement a capacity development response 11.4.5 Evaluate capacity development 11.5 Conclusion Chapter 12 Evaluating the Media's Role in Disaster Management: Insights from the Uttarakhand Tragedy K M Baharul Islam, Archan Mitra, Asif Khan and Rajesh Sisodia12.1 Introduction 12.2 Literature Review 12.2.1 Research Gap 12.2.2 Objective 12.3 Methodology 12.3.1 Data Source 12.3.2 Variables 12.3.3 Hypothesis Testing 12.3.4 Tools and Software 12.3.5 Sampling 12.4 Data Analysis 12.4.1 Descriptive Statistics 12.4.2 Variable-Specific Analysis 12.4.3 Summary of Other Variables 12.4.4 Correlation Analysis 12.4.5 Regression Analysis 12.5 Findings 12.5.1 Overview of Correlation 12.5.2 Key Correlations with what_role_media (The Role of Media Variable) 12.5.3 Implications 12.5.4 Overview of Regression Model 12.5.5 Hypothesis Testing 12.6 Conclusion Chapter 13 The Role of Media in Shaping Public Discourse in the Anthropocene: Perspectives from BRICS+ Countries Mr Motadi Masa Sylvester13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Overview of the Anthropocene and its significance 13.1.2 The Role of Media in the Anthropocene Within BRICS+ Countries 13.1.3 Objectives and Scope of the Chapter 13.2 The Media Landscape in BRICS+ Countries 13.2.1 Comparative Analysis of Media Freedom and Control Across BRICS+ Countries 13.2.2 Role of Traditional versus New Media Platforms in Shaping Public Discourse 13.3 Media's Role in Environmental Awareness 13.3.1 Case Studies on Media Coverage of Major Environmental Events in BRICS+ Countries 13.3.2 Analysis of the Effectiveness of Media in Raising Awareness About Environmental Issues 13.4 Media Influence on Policy and Governance 13.4.1 Examples of How Media Has Influenced Environmental Policy in BRICS+ Nations 13.4.2 The Interaction Between Media Narratives and Governmental Actions 13.5 Challenges and Opportunities in the Media Sector 13.5.1 Discuss the Challenges Faced by Journalists Covering Environmental Issues in Repressive Regime 13.5.2 Opportunities for Media to Promote Sustainable Practices and Policies 13.6 Media and Public Engagement 13.6.1 How Media Shapes Public Opinion and Behavior Regarding Environmental Issues 13.6.2 Role of Media in Mobilizing Public Support for or Against Environmental Initiatives 13.7 The Role of Digital Media and Technology 13.7.1 Impact of Social Media and Digital Platforms on Environmental Activism 13.7.2 The Use of Technology in Innovative Environmental Reporting 13.8 Case Study: Media’s Role in Specific Environmental Crises 13.8.1 Detailed Analysis of Media's Role in a Selected Environmental Crisis within a BRICS+ Country 13.8.2 How Media Coverage Helped Shape the Crisis' Narrative and Public Response 13.9 Media Strategies for Sustainable Development 13.9.1 Recommendations for Media Practitioners on Covering the Anthropocene and Sustainability Issues13.9.2 Strategies for Media to Support Sustainable Development Goals in BRICS+ Countries 13.10 Conclusion 13.10.1 Summary of Key Findings About the Role of Media in the Anthropocene Within BRICS+ Countries13.10.2 Future Directions for Research and Policy Recommendations Chapter 14 Strengthening Ties: Flow of Information among BRICS+ Countries for a Stronger Cooperation Pradeep Mallik14.1 Introduction 14.2 The role of information in fostering international cooperation and understanding 14.3 Challenges to information sharing among nations 14.4 Information exchange among BRICS countries 14.5 Current State of Information Flow 14.6 Cultural exchanges among BRICS countries 14.7 Use of technology in facilitating international cooperation 14.8 Civil society and NGOs in information exchange 14.9 Conclusion Chapter 15 Media and Cultural Diplomacy in BRICS+: Building Bridges for Peace Harsha Bhargavi Pandiri15.1 Introduction 15.2 Media Initiatives that Support Cultural Diplomacy are Crucial 15.2.1 Relationship Between Media and Cultural Diplomacy in the Context of the BRICS+ Nations 15.2.2 How Media Initiatives Contribute to Building Bridges and Fostering Peace 15.2.3 Role of Media in Cultural Diplomacy 15.2.4 Analyze Specific Media Initiatives that Promote Cultural Understanding 15.3 Impact on Building Bridges and Fostering a Peaceful Environment 15.4 Literature on Cultural Diplomacy, Media Influence and Peacebuilding 15.5 BRICS+ Media and Cultural Diplomacy Theory and Frameworks 15.6 Media as a Tool for Cultural Diplomacy in BRICS+ Nations 15.7 Conclusion Chapter 16 Exploring the Lost Links to Construct a Common Story of Solidarity and Integration: A Comparative Case Study of the BRICS Films Project Amitabh Srivastava and Tanisha Mathur16.1 Introduction 16.2 Methodology 16.2.1 BRAZIL: What Cheese Do You Want? 16.2.2 RUSSIA: No Place for Old Men 16.2.3 INDIA: Vagupparai 4B 16.2.4 CHINA: Peony in Bloom 16.2.5 SOUTH AFRICA: Oceans of South Africa 16.3 Findings and Discussion 16.3.1 Being exposed to a range of stories and viewpoints 16.3.2 Cross-cultural cooperation 16.3.3 Enhanced intercultural understanding 16.4 Conclusion Chapter 17 Media Metamorphosis: A Case Study of India's Print Media and its Contribution to Peacebuilding in the BRICS+ Framework Madhavi Ravikumar17.1 Introduction to print media and peacebuilding 17.2 Exploring the Role of Print Journalism in Peace Advocacy: A Comprehensive Review of Literature 17.3 Theoretical underpinning 17.3.1 Galtung’s conflict transformation theory 17.3.2 Lederach's Peacebuilding Theory 17.3.3 Castells Theory 17.3.4 Chomsky and Herman’s Propaganda Model 17.3.5 Media-Centric Theories in Peacebuilding 17.4 Methodology 17.5 Print media’s role in conflict resolution 17.6 Agenda-setting theory 17.7 Peace journalism Framework 17.8 Media Representation and Peacebuilding Initiatives 17.8.1 The interplay between media representation and peacebuilding initiatives 17.8.2 Role of print media in shaping public discourse and perceptions regarding peacebuilding Efforts 17.9 Nuanced engagement of print media 17.9.1 Socio-political environment of India within the BRICS+ framework 17.9.2 Challenges and opportunities faced by print media in promoting peace in diverse societies 17.10 Conclusion and Implications Chapter 18 A Double Edge Sword: Appraising the Role of Media in Peacebuilding in the BRICS+ Countries Stewart Lee Kugara and Tsetselelane Decide Mdhluli18.1 Introduction 18.2 The Iceberg Theory 18.3 The Sixth BRICS in South Africa, 2023 18.4 Media as a Tool for Peacebuilding 18.4.1 Encouraging Dialogue 18.4 .2 Triggers Conflict 18.5 BRICS: The role played by media during COVID-19 18.6 An Exposition of the Role of Media within the BRICS+ Countries 18.6.1 South Africa 18.6.2 China 18.7 Conclusion Chapter 19 Media's Independence and the Catalyst for Peacebuilding in BRICS+ Countries Ayanda Sibiya and Brian Mahosi19.1 Introduction 19.2 Literature Review 19.3 Role of independent media in Peacebuilding in BRICS+ countries 19.3.1 Information dissemination 19.3.2 Monitoring and Accountability 19.3.3 Voicing Diverse Perspectives and Facilitating Dialogue and Reconciliation 19.3.4 Advocacy, Awareness, and Capacity Building in Peacebuilding Efforts 19.4 Historical Precedents and Contemporary Dynamics 19.4.1 The Role of Independent Media in Historical Peacebuilding Contexts 19.4.2 Contemporary Dynamics of Independent Media in BRICS+ Countries: Diversity and Challenges 19.4.3 Advancements in Technology and Digital Media: Impacts, Responses, and Advocacy 19.5 Journalists as Agents of Change: Catalysts for Social Transformation 19.5.1 Journalism's Transformative Role: Driving Change in BRICS+ Countries 19.5.2 Journalistic Vigilance: Unveiling Injustice and Stimulating Discourse 19.5.3 Strategies for Journalistic Resilience: Navigating Challenges within BRICS+ Countries 19.6 Ethical Reporting Practices and Sustainable Peacebuilding 19.6.1 Ethical Reporting Practices: Upholding Principles of Accuracy, Objectivity, and Respect for Human Dignity 19.6.2 Promoting Transparency, Accountability, and Adherence to Professional Standards 19.7 Implications and Recommendations for Ethical Journalism in BRICS+ Countries 19.7.1 Implications 19.7.2 Recommendations 19.8 Contribution and Value Added 19.9 Conclusion