Street Crime

• Contents Introduction Part 1 A short history of street robbery 1 Outlaws and highwaymen 2 Street robbery in the urban context Part 2 Accounting for street crime 3 Interpreting the data 4 The view from the right 5 The view from the left 6 Towards a framework of analysis Part 3 Street robbery and contemporary society 7 Suitable and available victims 8 The production of motivated offenders 9 Deficits in social control 10 Conclusion Index

Simon Hallsworth begins his introduction in a novel manner by describing his personal experience of having been mugged at knifepoint on a street. Though the author was not harmed physically, and was able to retrieve his rucksack undamaged and without material loss (he was a poor student at the time), he nevertheless sought to underscore on page 2 how his sleeping pattern was upset by this signal encounter and how his routine activity changed: “I became far more suspicious of all groups of young men.” It is this attempt by the author to modify his habits in seeking to lessen his vulnerability to street crime that best introduces the merits of this publication for police officers. Indeed, Professor Hallsworth’s book provides much needed contemporary guidance and insights on the issue of situational crime prevention techniques, notably by framing the traditional analysis of the interaction involving a motivated offender, a suitable target and the absence of a capable guardian to the “direct-contact predatory victimization” that characterized street crime (refer in particular to page 95). Although the author has not sought to direct his scholarship principally to the goal of enhancing the work of police agencies in seeking to augment their capacity to serve as capable guardians, it remains true that the many lessons he draws from his review of the criminological literature, his understanding of the dynamics underlying the choice to offend based on personal interviews and his vast experience he acquired in the course of a government commissioned study of rising street crime has situated him perfectly to guide police tactics in attempting to ensure that Canadians enjoy “a just, peaceful and safe society”, to track the language of s. 718 of the Criminal Code. Having noted that the book begins in a novel way, I should also observe at this juncture that it concludes in a novel way. Indeed, the author’s careful scholarship and in-depth interviews of offenders, victims, police officials and community agencies is leavened by multiple references to the proliferation of cellular phone theft leading him to submit, somewhat mischievously, that it would be quite sensible to give a phone to all young persons upon reaching a certain age as this would reduce the wish to acquire one by force and, as well, would confer part of the “consumer-related” status that so much violent behaviour seeks to achieve. In his professional opinion, buttressed as it is by multiple references to empirical, experimental and anecdotal evidence, any response to street level crime will fail if it refuses to take note of the fact that many young offenders involved in these violent episodes are prisoners of the “Madison Avenue” syndrome according to which self-worth and respect of self are wholly dependent upon the acquisition of visible consumer items such as clothing and cell phones. In other words, far from being “outsiders” or “alienated” from the values (if this is the correct word) of a post-modern, capitalist society, these perpetrators have assimilated wholly the teachings of a materialistic world and want a slice of the “good life that their material deprivation and poor life chances have otherwise denied them. Leaving aside this essential part of the book, I wish to draw particular attention to Chapters 6 to 9 in which the key analysis of the elements of situational crime prevention are reviewed. Any police officer will derive great assistance from the particular insights touching upon the “creation” of suitable and available victims in the emerging 24 hour economy anchored often in liberal licensing schemes at night,1 the production of motivated offenders in our “Mac-job” economy2and deteriorating social fabric and the deficits in social control that hamper the ability of police officers to “serve and protect us” against a background of increased technological tools3 and diminished opportunities for community policing. In sum, Professor Hallsworth’s book, Street Crime, succeeds in providing a much-needed study of this emerging issue in policing and clear and coherent solutions for tackling a problem that has resonated strongly at the community level. When he suggests that all young persons be given a cellular phone, what he is saying in fact is that all young persons need a helping hand, a step-up to overcome material difficulties in achieving social elevation, if required, and a means of communicating with the whole of the community and as far as situational crime prevention techniques go, these goals are not only worthwhile, they appear essential.