Allan J. Organ, formerly of University of Cambridge, UK - now retired.Before his retirement Allan J. Organ was a lecturer at the University of Cambridge, specializing in thermodynamics and gas dynamics of the Stirling cycle machine and regenerator.He has studied stirling cycle machines throughout his career and is a leading authority in the field. As well as his teaching work, he has acted as a consultant in this area for numerous companies including Hymatic Ltd, Premier Precision Ltd, Lucas Aerospace Ltd, British Aerospace PLC, as well as for the Ministry of Defense.

• About the Author xi Foreword xiiiPreface xviiNotation xix1 Stirling myth – and Stirling reality 11.1 Expectation 11.2 Myth by myth 21.3 …and some heresy 71.4 Why this crusade? 72 R´eflexions sur le cicle de Carnot 92.1 Background 92.2 Carnot re-visited 102.3 Isothermal cylinder 112.4 Specimen solutions 142.5 ‘Realistic’ Carnot cycle 162.6 ‘Equivalent’ polytropic index 162.7 R´eflexions 173 What Carnot efficiency? 193.1 Epitaph to orthodoxy 193.2 Putting Carnot to work 193.3 Mean cycle temperature difference, εTx = T – Tw 203.4 Net internal loss by inference 213.5 Why no p-V diagram for the ‘ideal’ Stirling cycle? 233.6 The way forward 234 Equivalence conditions for volume variations 254.1 Kinematic configuration 254.2 ‘Additional’ dead space 274.3 Net swept volume 325 The optimum versus optimization 335.1 An engine from Turkey rocks the boat 335.2 …and an engine from Duxford 345.3 Schmidt on Schmidt 365.4 Crank-slider mechanism again 415.5 Implications for engine design in general 426 Steady-flow heat transfer correlations 456.1 Turbulent – or turbulent? 456.2 Eddy dispersion time 476.3 Contribution from ‘inverse modelling’ 486.4 Contribution from Scaling 506.5 What turbulence level? 527 A question of adiabaticity 557.1 Data 557.2 The Archibald test 557.3 A contribution from Newton 567.4 Variable-volume space 577.5 D´esax´e 597.6 Thermal diffusion – axi-symmetric case 607.7 Convection versus diffusion 617.8 Bridging the gap 617.9 Interim deductions 648 More adiabaticity 658.1 ‘Harmful’ dead space 658.2 ‘Equivalent’ steady-flow closed-cycle regenerative engine 668.3 ‘Equivalence’ 688.4 Simulated performance 688.5 Conclusions 708.6 Solution algorithm 719 Dynamic Similarity 739.1 Dynamic similarity 739.2 Numerical example 759.3 Corroboration 799.4 Transient response of regenerator matrix 809.5 Second-order effects 829.6 Application to reality 8210 Intrinsic Similarity 8310.1 Scaling and similarity 8310.2 Scope 8310.3 First steps 8810.4 …without the computer 9011 Getting started 9711.1 Configuration 9711.2 Slots versus tubes 9811.3 The ‘equivalent’ slot 10211.4 Thermal bottleneck 10411.5 Available work lost – conventional arithmetic 10712 FastTrack gas path design 10912.1 Introduction 10912.2 Scope 11012.3 Numerical example 11012.4 Interim comment 11812.5 Rationale behind FastTrack 11812.6 Alternative start point – GPU-3 charged with He 12113 FlexiScale 12913.1 FlexiScale? 12913.2 Flow path dimensions 13013.3 Operating conditions 13313.4 Regenerator matrix 13713.5 Rationale behind FlexiScale 13714 ReScale 14114.1 Introduction 14114.2 Worked example step-by-step 14114.3 Regenerator matrix 14514.4 Rationale behind ReScale 14515 Less steam, more traction – Stirling engine design without the hot air 14915.1 Optimum heat exchanger 14915.2 Algebraic development 15015.3 Design sequence 15315.4 Note of caution 15916 Heat transfer correlations – from the horse’s mouth 16316.1 The time has come 16316.2 Application to design 16616.3 Rationale behind correlation parameters REω and XQXE 16717 Wire-mesh regenerator – ‘back of envelope’ sums 17117.1 Status quo 17117.2 Temperature swing 17117.3 Aspects of flow design 17317.4 A thumb-nail sketch of transient response 18117.5 Wire diameter 18417.6 More on intrinsic similarity 19018 Son of Schmidt 19918.1 Situations vacant 19918.2 Analytical opportunities waiting to be explored 20018.3 Heat exchange – arbitrary wall temperature gradient 20118.4 Defining equations and discretization 20518.5 Specimen implementation 20618.6 Integration 20818.7 Specimen temperature solutions 21119 H2 versus He versus air 21519.1 Conventional wisdom 21519.2 Further enquiry 21619.3 So, why air? 21720 The ‘hot air’ engine 21920.1 In praise of arithmetic 21920.2 Reynolds number Re in the annular gap 22220.3 Contact surface temperature in annular gap 22320.4 Design parameter Ld¨Mg 22520.5 Building a specification 22620.6 Design step by step 22820.7 Gas path dimensions 22920.8 Caveat 23421 Ultimate Lagrange formulation? 23521.1 Why a new formulation? 23521.2 Context 23521.3 Choice of display 23621.4 Assumptions 23821.5 Outline computational strategy 24021.6 Collision mechanics 24021.7 Boundary and initial conditions 24421.8 Further computational economies 24421.9 ‘Ultimate Lagrange’? 245Appendix 1 The reciprocating Carnot cycle 247Appendix 2 Determination of V2 and V4 – polytropic processes 249Appendix 3 Design charts 251Appendix 4 Kinematics of lever-crank drive 257References 261Name Index 267Subject Index 269