Paul Quinn is Professor at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Brussels Free University).

• Introduction 1 What are state expressions and how can they be stigmatizing? 2 Defining stigma and its potential harm 3 Developing a normative approach towards the use of stigmatizing state expressions 4 Stigmatizing state expression as hate speech 5 The importance of the lack of binding effects produced by SSEs 6 Stigmatizing state expressions · a threat to privacy? 7 Carte blanche to stigmatize or a pragmatic reality in a liberal democracy? Author’s note

Paul Quinn is Professor at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Brussels Free University).

• Introduction 1 What are state expressions and how can they be stigmatizing? 2 Defining stigma and its potential harm 3 Developing a normative approach towards the use of stigmatizing state expressions 4 Stigmatizing state expression as hate speech 5 The importance of the lack of binding effects produced by SSEs 6 Stigmatizing state expressions · a threat to privacy? 7 Carte blanche to stigmatize or a pragmatic reality in a liberal democracy? Author’s note

Paul Quinn is Professor at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Brussels Free University).

• Introduction 1 What are state expressions and how can they be stigmatizing? 2 Defining stigma and its potential harm 3 Developing a normative approach towards the use of stigmatizing state expressions 4 Stigmatizing state expression as hate speech 5 The importance of the lack of binding effects produced by SSEs 6 Stigmatizing state expressions · a threat to privacy? 7 Carte blanche to stigmatize or a pragmatic reality in a liberal democracy? Author’s note