Statistics in the Social Sciences

STANISLAV KOLENIKOV, PhD, is Adjunct Assistant Professor of Statistics at the University of Missouri. He served as Program Chair of the Sixth Winemiller Conference. Dr. Kolenikov is an applied statistician with interests in structural equation modeling, survey statistics, econometrics, and statistical programming. DOUGLAS STEINLEY, PhD, is Associate Professor of Psychology at the University of Missouri. Dr. Steinley currently conducts research in the areas of multivariate statistical methodology, cluster analysis, and social network analysis.LORI THOMBS, PhD, is Associate Professor of Statistics and Director of the Social Science Statistics Center at the University of Missouri. Dr. Thombs has more than twenty years of academic experience, and she currently focuses her research on the areas of time series, resampling methods for correlated variables, and statistics education.

• List of Figures. List of Tables.Preface.1 Analysis of Correlation Structures: Current Status and Open Problems.1.1 Introduction.1.2 Correlation versus Covariance Structures.1.3 Estimation and Model Testing.1.3.1 Basic Asymptotic Theory.1.3.2 Distribution of T Under Model Misspecification.1.3.3 Distribution of T Under Weight Matrix Misspecification.1.3.4 Estimation and Testing with Arbitrary Distributions.1.3.5 Tests of Model Fit Under Distributional Misspecification.1.3.6 Scaled and Adjusted Statistics.1.3.7 Normal Theory Estimation and Testing.1.3.8 Elliptical Theory Estimation and Testing.1.3.9 Heterogeneous Kurtosis Theory Estimation and Testing.1.3.10 Least Squares Estimation and Testing.1.4 Example.1.5 Simulations.1.5.1 Data.1.5.2 Correlation Structure with ADF Estimation and Testing.1.5.3 Correlation Structure with Robust Least Squares Methods.1.6 Discussion.References.2 Overview of Structural Equation Models and Recent Extensions.2.1 Model Specification and Assumptions.2.1.1 Illustration of Special Cases.2.1.2 Modeling Steps.2.2 Multilevel SEM.2.2.1 The Between-and-Within Specification.2.2.2 Random Effects as Factors Specification.2.2.3 Summary and Comparison.2.3 Structural Equation Mixture Models.2.3.1 The Model.2.3.2 Estimation.2.3.3 Sensitivity to Assumptions.2.3.4 Direct and Indirect Applications.2.3.5 Summary.2.4 Item Response Models.2.4.1 Categorical CFA.2.4.2 CCFA Estimation.2.4.3 Item Response Theory.2.4.4 CCFA and IRT.2.4.5 Advantages and Disadvantages.2.5 Complex Samples and Sampling Weights.2.5.1 Complex Samples and Their Features.2.5.2 Probability (Sampling) Weights.2.5.3 Violations of SEM Assumptions.2.5.4 SEM Analysis Using Complex Samples with Unequal Probabilities of Selection.2.5.5 Future Research.2.6 Conclusion.References.3 Order-Constrained Proximity Matrix Representations.3.1 Introduction.3.1.1 Proximity Matrix for Illustration: Agreement Among Supreme Court Justices.3.2 Order-Constrained Ultrametrics.3.2.1 The M-file ultrafnd_confit.m.3.2.2 The M-file ultrafnd_confnd.m.3.2.3 Representing an (Order-Constrained) Ultrametric.3.2.4 Alternative (and Generalizable) Graphical Representation for an Ultrametric.3.2.5 Alternative View of Ultrametric Matrix Decomposition.3.3 Ultrametric Extensions by Fitting Partitions Containing Contiguous Subsets.3.3.1 Ordered Partition Generalizations.3.4 Extensions to Additive Trees: Incorporating Centroid Metrics.References.4 Multiobjective Multidimensional (City-Block) Scaling.4.1 Introduction.4.2 City-Block MDS.4.3 Multiobjective City-Block MDS.4.3.1 The Metric Multiobjective City-Block MDS Model.4.3.2 The Nonmetric Multiobjective City-Block MDS Model.4.4 Combinatorial Heuristic.4.5 Numerical Examples.4.5.1 Example 1.4.5.2 Example 2.4.6 Summary and Conclusions.References.5 Critical Differences in Bayesian and Non-Bayesian Inference.5.1 Introduction.5.2 The Mechanics of Bayesian Inference.5.2.1 Example with Count Data.5.2.2 Comments on Prior Distributions.5.3 Specific Differences Between Bayesians and non-Bayesians.5.4 Paradigms For Testing.5.5 Change-point Analysis of Thermonuclear Testing Data.5.6 Conclusion.References.6 Bootstrap Test of Shape Invariance Across Distributions.6.1 Lack of Robustness of a Parametric Test.6.2 Development of a Nonparametric Shape Test.6.3 Example.6.4 Extension of the Shape Test.6.5 Characteristics of the Bootstrap Shape Test.6.6 Application.6.7 Conclusion.References.7 Statistical Software for the Social Sciences.7.1 Social Science Research: Primary Capabilities.7.2 STATISTICAL SOCIAL SCIENCE STATISTICAL APPLICATIONS.7.2.1 R.7.2.2 SAS.7.2.3 SPSS.7.2.4 Stata.7.2.5 STATISTICA.7.2.6 StatXact/LogXact.7.3 STATISTICAL APPLICATION UTILITIES.7.3.1 Stat/Transfer.7.3.2 ePrint Professional.7.3.3 nQuery Advisor.7.4 Summary Comments.References.8 Conclusion: Roundtable Discussion.Index.