Statistics in Kinesiology

Joseph P. Weir, PhD, is a professor in the department of health, sport, and exercise sciences at the University of Kansas and was department chair from 2012 to 2022. From 1995 to 2012 he was a professor in the physical therapy doctoral program at Des Moines University in Iowa. He earned his doctorate in exercise physiology from the University of Nebraska at Lincoln.Dr. Weir is a fellow of both the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA). He was given the NSCA President's Award in 2007 and its William J. Kraemer Outstanding Sport Scientist Award in 2006. He served as president of the National Strength and Conditioning Association Foundation from 2006 to 2009, and he was cochair of the ACSM's Biostatistics Interest Group from 2001 to 2003.Dr. Weir's research interests primarily focus on muscle fatigue, muscle strength, the cardiovascular autonomic nervous system, and spinal cord injury. He is a senior associate editor of Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research and serves on the manuscript clarification committee of the journal. He is coauthor of Laboratory Manual for Exercise Physiology, Exercise Testing, and Physical Fitness and has contributed chapters to multiple books.Anthony B. Ciccone, PhD, is an associate professor in the department of exercise science and outdoor recreation at Utah Valley University. He earned his doctorate in exercise physiology from the University of Kansas. Dr. Ciccone is an active member of the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA) and has served on the NSCA Foundation's scholarship committee.Dr. Ciccone mentors undergraduate research projects addressing neuromuscular fatigue and sport performance. His work has been published in numerous peer-reviewed journals, including Muscle & Nerve and Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. He is a contributing author of Conditioning for Strength and Human Performance.Jacob A. Siedlik, PhD, is an associate professor in the department of exercise science and pre-health professions at Creighton University and a research scientist at the Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition. He earned his doctorate in exercise physiology from the University of Kansas.Dr. Siedlik is a member of the American College of Sports Medicine, the National Strength and Conditioning Association, and the American Medical Informatics Association. He is the author of 40 peer-reviewed publications, and his research focuses on leveraging biological and clinical data to advance human health, resilience, and performance. Dr. Siedlik serves as a reviewer for Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research and International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.William J. Vincent, EdD, is a retired adjunct professor and former director of the general education wellness program in the department of exercise sciences at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah. He is an emeritus professor and the former chair of the department of kinesiology at California State University at Northridge (CSUN). He was employed at CSUN for 40 years and taught statistics and measurement theory for 35 of those years. In 1995 he received the university's Distinguished Teaching Award.Dr. Vincent has been a member of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD), now SHAPE America, since 1964. In 2007, he received the AAHPERD National Honor Award for distinguished service to the profession. He has served as the president of the Southwest District of AAHPERD and was a member of the AAHPERD board of governors from 1993 to 1995. In 1988 he was named the Southwest District Scholar and delivered the keynote address, titled "From Means to MANOVA," at the 1989 convention.Dr. Vincent is the author or coauthor of four books and more than 70 professional articles. Fifty-one of those articles appeared in refereed journals, including Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, International Journal of Sports Medicine, and Journal of Athletic Training. He has a bachelor's degree in physical education (pedagogy), a master's degree in physical education (exercise physiology), and a doctorate in educational psychology (perception and learning), all from the University of California at Los Angeles. Dr. Vincent lives in Lindon, Utah. He and his late wife, Diana, raised six children, and he has 24 grandchildren and nine great-grandchildren. In his free time, he enjoys camping, snow skiing and water skiing, conducting genealogical research, and reading.

• PrefaceAcknowledgmentsList of Key SymbolsChapter 1. Measurement, Statistics, and ResearchWhat Is Measurement?Process of MeasurementVariables and ConstantsResearch Design and Statistical AnalysisStatistical InferenceSummaryChapter 2. Organizing and Displaying DataOrganizing DataDisplaying DataSummaryChapter 3. PercentilesCommon Percentile DivisionsCalculations Using PercentilesSummaryChapter 4. Measures of Central TendencyModeMedianMeanRelationships Between the Mode, Median, and MeanLogarithmic Transformations and the Geometric MeanSummaryChapter 5. Measures of VariabilityRangeInterquartile RangeVarianceStandard DeviationDefinition Method of Hand CalculationsCalculating Standard Deviation for a SampleCoefficient of VariationStandard Deviation and Normal DistributionGraphical Depiction of the Standard DeviationSummaryChapter 6. The Normal CurveZ ScoresStandard ScoresProbability and OddsCalculating Skewness and KurtosisSummaryChapter 7. Fundamentals of Statistical InferencePredicting Population Parameters Using Statistical InferenceEstimating Sampling ErrorLevels of Confidence, Confidence Intervals, and Probability of ErrorAn Example Using Statistical InferenceStatistical Hypothesis TestingType I and Type II ErrorDegrees of FreedomLiving With UncertaintyTwo- and One-Tailed TestsApplying Confidence IntervalsFrequentist Versus Bayesian InferenceEquivalence TestingSummaryChapter 8. Correlation and Bivariate RegressionCorrelationCalculating the Correlation CoefficientBivariate RegressionHomoscedasticityRange RestrictionSummaryChapter 9. Multiple Correlation and Multiple RegressionMultiple CorrelationSemipartial CorrelationMultiple RegressionSummaryChapter 10. The t Test: Comparing Means From Two Sets of DataThe t TestsTypes of t TestsMagnitude of the Difference (Size of Effect)Determining Power and Sample SizeThe t Test for ProportionsSummaryChapter 11. Simple Analysis of Variance: Comparing the Means of Three or More Sets of DataAssumptions in ANOVASources of VarianceCalculating F: The Definition MethodDetermining the Significance of FPost Hoc TestsMagnitude of the Treatment (Size of Effect)SummaryChapter 12. Analysis of Variance With Repeated MeasuresAssumptions in Repeated Measures ANOVACalculating Repeated Measures ANOVACorrecting for Violations of the Assumption of SphericityPost Hoc TestsConfidence Intervals and Effect SizesInterpreting the ResultsSummaryChapter 13. Quantifying ReliabilityIntraclass Correlation CoefficientStandard Error of MeasurementSummaryChapter 14. Factorial Analysis of VarianceA Between–Between ExampleA Between–Within ExampleA Within–Within ExampleSummaryChapter 15. Analysis of CovarianceRelationship Between ANOVA and RegressionANCOVA and Statistical PowerAssumptions in ANCOVAThe Pretest–Posttest Control Group DesignPairwise ComparisonsSummaryChapter 16. Analysis of Nonparametric DataChi-Square (Single Classification)Chi-Square (Two or More Classifications)Rank Order CorrelationMann-Whitney U TestKruskal-Wallis ANOVA for Ranked DataFriedman's Two-Way ANOVA by RanksCliff's DeltaBootstrapSummaryChapter 17. Clinical Measures of AssociationRelative RiskOdds RatioDiagnostic TestingLogistic RegressionReceiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) CurvesSummaryChapter 18. Advanced Statistical ProceduresMultilevel ModelingMeta-AnalysisMultiple Analysis of VarianceFactor AnalysisDiscriminant AnalysisSummaryChapter 19. Statistical Issues in KinesiologyRegression to the MeanDifferences in Nominal Significance (DINS) ErrorIssue With RatiosPost Hoc Power AnalysesOutliersResponders Versus NonrespondersSummaryAppendix. Statistical TablesGlossaryReferencesIndexAbout the Authors