Statistical Analysis of Geographical Data

Simon J. Dadson is Associate Professor of Physical Geography at Oxford University and Tutor in Geography at Christ Church.

• Preface xi1 Dealing with data 11.1 The role of statistics in geography 11.2 About this book 31.3 Data and measurement error 32 Collecting and summarizing data 132.1 Sampling methods 132.2 Graphicalsummaries 172.3 Summarizing data numerically 243 Probability and sampling distributions 373.1 Probability 373.2 Probability and the normal distribution: z]scores 393.3 Sampling distributions and the central limit theorem 434 Estimating parameters with confidence intervals 494.1 Confidence intervals on the mean of a normal distribution: the basics 494.2 Confidence intervals in practice: the t]distribution 504.3 Sample size 534.4 Confidence intervals for a proportion 535 Comparing datasets 555.1 Hypothesis testing with one sample: general principles 555.2 Comparing means from small samples: one]sample t]test 615.3 Comparing proportions for one sample 635.4 Comparing two samples 645.5 Non]parametric hypothesis testing 756 Comparing distributions: the Chi]squared test 816.1 Chi]squared test with one sample 816.2 Chi]squared test for two samples 847 Analysis of variance 897.1 Oneway analysis of variance 907.2 Assumptions and diagnostics 997.3 Multiple comparison tests after analysis of variance 1017.4 Non]parametric methods in the analysis of variance 1057.5 Summary and further applications 1068 Correlation 1098.1 Correlation analysis 1098.2 Pearson’s product]moment correlation coefficient 1108.3 Significance tests of correlation coefficient 1128.4 Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient 1148.5 Correlation and causality 1169 Linear regression 1219.1 Least]squares linear regression 1219.2 Scatter plots 1229.3 Choosing the line of best fit: the ‘least]squares’procedure 1249.4 Analysis of residuals 1289.5 Assumptions and caveats with regression 1309.6 Is the regression significant? 1319.7 Coefficient of determination 1359.8 Confidence intervals and hypothesis tests concerning regression parameters 1379.9 Reduced major axis regression 14010 Spatial statistics 14510.1 Spatial data 14510.2 Summarizing spatial data 15710.3 Identifying clusters 15910.4 Interpolation and plotting contour maps 16210.5 Spatial relationships 16311 Time series analysis 17311.1 Time series in geographical research 17311.2 Analysing time series 174Appendix A: Introduction to the R package 193Appendix B: Statistical tables 205References 241Index 243