George E. Shambaugh is Assistant Professor of International Affairs and Government at Georgetown University. He is coeditor, with J. Samuel Barkin, of Anarchy and the Environment: The International Relations of Common Pool Resources, also published by SUNY Press.

• List of Tables Preface and Acknowledgments 1. The Puzzle and Argument: Dominance, Dependence, and Political Power The Power and Infamy of SanctionsCan Sanctions Work?Power, Wealth, and Why Secondary Sanctions MatterThe Theory: Dominance, Dependence, and the Success of Economic SanctionsDominance and Political PowerDependence and Political PowerSanctions against States and FirmsSovereign Authority, Sovereign Control, and Secondary SanctionsSovereign Authority and Sovereign ControlConclusion: Dependence As a Positive Heuristic 2. Restricting the Proliferation of Strategic Goods and Technology since 1949 Export Controls and U.S. Foreign PolicyMethodologyVariable DefinitionsResearch Strategy and Case SelectionStatistical Analyses of U.S. Influence AttemptsThe ModelData AnalysisConclusion 3. Maintaining Power in an Alliance Conflict: The Trans-Siberian Pipeline Embargo, 1980–84 Comparative Case Studies of Secondary SanctionsThe Pipeline Crisis in U.S. Export Control PolicyGoals of American Pipeline SanctionsTargetsMeans of EnforcementSources of U.S. Influence and Predictions of U.S. Success, 1980–84The Use of Secondary SanctionsPredictions of Success, 1980–84Case Analyses: U.S. Influence Attempts by IndustryDominance and Dependence in the Steel Pipe and Compressor IndustriesU.S. Influence over Firms: The First Round of SanctionsU.S. Influence over Firms: The Second Round of SanctionsRetaliation and Rebuttal by European and American GovernmentsEnd of the Pipeline CrisisConclusion 4. Tethering Technology: Operation Exodus, the IBM Letter, and Beyond IntroductionOperation Exodus and U.S. Export Control PolicyGoals of American High-Technology ControlsTargetsMeans of EnforcementAggregate Predictions of U.S. InfluenceCase Analyses: U.S. Influence in the Computer IndustryDominance and Dependence in the Computer IndustryU.S. Influence over Firms in the Computer IndustryU.S. Influence over National Governments in the Computer IndustryCase Analyses: U.S. Influence in the Telecommunications IndustryDominance and Dependence in the Telecommunications IndustryU.S. Influence over Firms in the Telecommunication IndustryDependence and the Success of U.S. InfluenceSummary of U.S. Influence in the Telecommunications IndustryDependence, Sanctions, and the Third Country ProblemGoals, Targets, and Means of EnforcementDependence and the Success of U.S. InfluenceSummary of U.S. Influence over Third CountriesConclusion 5. Conclusion: Threatening Friends and Enticing Enemies in the Post-Cold War World Power Relations among States and FirmsSecuring Extraterritorial ComplianceThe Findings and the ImplicationsCosts and Limitations of SanctionsThe Reciprocal Nature of DependenceReliability and Competitiveness of American FirmsIndigenous Development of Restricted ResourcesSanctions in an Increasingly Interdependent WorldThe Helms-Burton ActThe Iran-Libya Sanctions ActDominance, Dependence, and the Likelihood of ComplianceU.S. Vulnerability to Countersanctions Conclusion: Dominance, Dependence, and Political Power Appendix: Legal Bases of U.S. Export Control Policy Domestic Sources of U.S. Export Control PolicyExtending U.S. Regulations AbroadConflicts of Concurrent Jurisdiction Selected Bibliography Index

"The case studies are very detailed and for that reason are likely to be cited as the authoritative works on the U.S. government's attempts to impose its will on its trading partners in these areas." — Kim Richard Nossal, McMaster University"State, Firms, and Power addresses an important issue area, and provides interesting and relevant case studies. It is also thoughtful and scholarly, providing both qualitative and quantitative analysis. In this last sense it represents an emerging research style in international relations." — Jonathan Kirshner, Cornell University

George E. Shambaugh is Assistant Professor of International Affairs and Government at Georgetown University. He is coeditor, with J. Samuel Barkin, of Anarchy and the Environment: The International Relations of Common Pool Resources, also published by SUNY Press.

• List of Tables Preface and Acknowledgments 1. The Puzzle and Argument: Dominance, Dependence, and Political Power The Power and Infamy of SanctionsCan Sanctions Work?Power, Wealth, and Why Secondary Sanctions MatterThe Theory: Dominance, Dependence, and the Success of Economic SanctionsDominance and Political PowerDependence and Political PowerSanctions against States and FirmsSovereign Authority, Sovereign Control, and Secondary SanctionsSovereign Authority and Sovereign ControlConclusion: Dependence As a Positive Heuristic 2. Restricting the Proliferation of Strategic Goods and Technology since 1949 Export Controls and U.S. Foreign PolicyMethodologyVariable DefinitionsResearch Strategy and Case SelectionStatistical Analyses of U.S. Influence AttemptsThe ModelData AnalysisConclusion 3. Maintaining Power in an Alliance Conflict: The Trans-Siberian Pipeline Embargo, 1980–84 Comparative Case Studies of Secondary SanctionsThe Pipeline Crisis in U.S. Export Control PolicyGoals of American Pipeline SanctionsTargetsMeans of EnforcementSources of U.S. Influence and Predictions of U.S. Success, 1980–84The Use of Secondary SanctionsPredictions of Success, 1980–84Case Analyses: U.S. Influence Attempts by IndustryDominance and Dependence in the Steel Pipe and Compressor IndustriesU.S. Influence over Firms: The First Round of SanctionsU.S. Influence over Firms: The Second Round of SanctionsRetaliation and Rebuttal by European and American GovernmentsEnd of the Pipeline CrisisConclusion 4. Tethering Technology: Operation Exodus, the IBM Letter, and Beyond IntroductionOperation Exodus and U.S. Export Control PolicyGoals of American High-Technology ControlsTargetsMeans of EnforcementAggregate Predictions of U.S. InfluenceCase Analyses: U.S. Influence in the Computer IndustryDominance and Dependence in the Computer IndustryU.S. Influence over Firms in the Computer IndustryU.S. Influence over National Governments in the Computer IndustryCase Analyses: U.S. Influence in the Telecommunications IndustryDominance and Dependence in the Telecommunications IndustryU.S. Influence over Firms in the Telecommunication IndustryDependence and the Success of U.S. InfluenceSummary of U.S. Influence in the Telecommunications IndustryDependence, Sanctions, and the Third Country ProblemGoals, Targets, and Means of EnforcementDependence and the Success of U.S. InfluenceSummary of U.S. Influence over Third CountriesConclusion 5. Conclusion: Threatening Friends and Enticing Enemies in the Post-Cold War World Power Relations among States and FirmsSecuring Extraterritorial ComplianceThe Findings and the ImplicationsCosts and Limitations of SanctionsThe Reciprocal Nature of DependenceReliability and Competitiveness of American FirmsIndigenous Development of Restricted ResourcesSanctions in an Increasingly Interdependent WorldThe Helms-Burton ActThe Iran-Libya Sanctions ActDominance, Dependence, and the Likelihood of ComplianceU.S. Vulnerability to Countersanctions Conclusion: Dominance, Dependence, and Political Power Appendix: Legal Bases of U.S. Export Control Policy Domestic Sources of U.S. Export Control PolicyExtending U.S. Regulations AbroadConflicts of Concurrent Jurisdiction Selected Bibliography Index

"The case studies are very detailed and for that reason are likely to be cited as the authoritative works on the U.S. government's attempts to impose its will on its trading partners in these areas." — Kim Richard Nossal, McMaster University"State, Firms, and Power addresses an important issue area, and provides interesting and relevant case studies. It is also thoughtful and scholarly, providing both qualitative and quantitative analysis. In this last sense it represents an emerging research style in international relations." — Jonathan Kirshner, Cornell University

George E. Shambaugh is Assistant Professor of International Affairs and Government at Georgetown University. He is coeditor, with J. Samuel Barkin, of Anarchy and the Environment: The International Relations of Common Pool Resources, also published by SUNY Press.

• List of Tables Preface and Acknowledgments 1. The Puzzle and Argument: Dominance, Dependence, and Political Power The Power and Infamy of SanctionsCan Sanctions Work?Power, Wealth, and Why Secondary Sanctions MatterThe Theory: Dominance, Dependence, and the Success of Economic SanctionsDominance and Political PowerDependence and Political PowerSanctions against States and FirmsSovereign Authority, Sovereign Control, and Secondary SanctionsSovereign Authority and Sovereign ControlConclusion: Dependence As a Positive Heuristic 2. Restricting the Proliferation of Strategic Goods and Technology since 1949 Export Controls and U.S. Foreign PolicyMethodologyVariable DefinitionsResearch Strategy and Case SelectionStatistical Analyses of U.S. Influence AttemptsThe ModelData AnalysisConclusion 3. Maintaining Power in an Alliance Conflict: The Trans-Siberian Pipeline Embargo, 1980–84 Comparative Case Studies of Secondary SanctionsThe Pipeline Crisis in U.S. Export Control PolicyGoals of American Pipeline SanctionsTargetsMeans of EnforcementSources of U.S. Influence and Predictions of U.S. Success, 1980–84The Use of Secondary SanctionsPredictions of Success, 1980–84Case Analyses: U.S. Influence Attempts by IndustryDominance and Dependence in the Steel Pipe and Compressor IndustriesU.S. Influence over Firms: The First Round of SanctionsU.S. Influence over Firms: The Second Round of SanctionsRetaliation and Rebuttal by European and American GovernmentsEnd of the Pipeline CrisisConclusion 4. Tethering Technology: Operation Exodus, the IBM Letter, and Beyond IntroductionOperation Exodus and U.S. Export Control PolicyGoals of American High-Technology ControlsTargetsMeans of EnforcementAggregate Predictions of U.S. InfluenceCase Analyses: U.S. Influence in the Computer IndustryDominance and Dependence in the Computer IndustryU.S. Influence over Firms in the Computer IndustryU.S. Influence over National Governments in the Computer IndustryCase Analyses: U.S. Influence in the Telecommunications IndustryDominance and Dependence in the Telecommunications IndustryU.S. Influence over Firms in the Telecommunication IndustryDependence and the Success of U.S. InfluenceSummary of U.S. Influence in the Telecommunications IndustryDependence, Sanctions, and the Third Country ProblemGoals, Targets, and Means of EnforcementDependence and the Success of U.S. InfluenceSummary of U.S. Influence over Third CountriesConclusion 5. Conclusion: Threatening Friends and Enticing Enemies in the Post-Cold War World Power Relations among States and FirmsSecuring Extraterritorial ComplianceThe Findings and the ImplicationsCosts and Limitations of SanctionsThe Reciprocal Nature of DependenceReliability and Competitiveness of American FirmsIndigenous Development of Restricted ResourcesSanctions in an Increasingly Interdependent WorldThe Helms-Burton ActThe Iran-Libya Sanctions ActDominance, Dependence, and the Likelihood of ComplianceU.S. Vulnerability to Countersanctions Conclusion: Dominance, Dependence, and Political Power Appendix: Legal Bases of U.S. Export Control Policy Domestic Sources of U.S. Export Control PolicyExtending U.S. Regulations AbroadConflicts of Concurrent Jurisdiction Selected Bibliography Index

"The case studies are very detailed and for that reason are likely to be cited as the authoritative works on the U.S. government's attempts to impose its will on its trading partners in these areas." — Kim Richard Nossal, McMaster University"State, Firms, and Power addresses an important issue area, and provides interesting and relevant case studies. It is also thoughtful and scholarly, providing both qualitative and quantitative analysis. In this last sense it represents an emerging research style in international relations." — Jonathan Kirshner, Cornell University