Spanish and Portuguese Conflict in the Spice Islands

Professor Glen Frank Dille (1940–2019), was a veteran of the United States Air Force, serving as Captain in the Vietnam-era. He received his BA and MA from the University of Colorado (Boulder), and his Ph. D from Tulane University in New Orleans. He took up a position in Spanish Language and Literature at Bradley University, Peoria in 1978, retiring in 2005 with the conferred rank of Professor Emeritus. Specializing in Early Modern Spanish Literature, he published La Comedia llamada Serafina: an Anonymous Humanistic Comedy of 1521, in 1979, followed by Antonio Enríquez Gómez, 1988, a study of the work of the dramatist, poet and novelist (1600-1663). Professor Dille was a distinguished translator. Writing from the Edge of the World: The Memoirs of Darien, 1514–27, 2006, makes available Oviedo’s account of his service in Panama. The General and Natural History of the Indies., Book 50, Misfortunes and Shipwrecks in the Seas of the Indies, Islands, and Mainland of the Ocean Sea (1533–1548), appeared in 2011. These two editions, together with Professor Dille’s translation of portions of Book XX in this present volume, provide welcome access to some of the treasures of a huge text which is still largely available only to readers of Spanish.

• List of MapsPreface and AcknowledgementsList of AbbreviationsNote on Ships, Measures, Weights and CapacityINTRODUCTION1. The Spice Trade a: Overviewb: Muslim Traders and the Spice Trade2. The Moluccas at the Time of the Arrival of the Europeans3. Portugal Challenges the Muslim Monopoly4. Spain Challenges the Portuguese Spice Monopoly a: The First Spanish Expedition to the Spice Islands5.Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdes’s General and Natural History 6.Book XX of the Second Part of the General History of the Indies: written by Captain Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés 7.Oviedo’s source: Andrés de Urdaneta 8.The Loaysa Expedition to the Spicelands: the Events of the Voyagea: The organization of the fleetb: The difficult passage through the strait.c: Losses in the Pacific 9.The Years spent by the Spanish survivors in the Moluccas10.Urdaneta and the Tornaviaje, 1565 11.The Significance of the Loaysa Expedition 12.This TranslationBOOK XX OF THE SECOND PART OF THE GENERAL HISTORY OF THE INDIES, WRITTEN BY CAPTAIN GONZALO FERNÁNDEZ DE OVIEDO Y VALDÉS, WARDEN OF THE FORTRESS AND PORT OF SANTO DOMINGO OF THE ISLAND OF HISPANIOLA, AND HIS MAJESTY’S CHRONICLERGeneral ProloguePrologueCHAPTERV. Which treats of the second and infelicitous voyage to the Spicelands, with the second armada that the Emperor, our lord, sent there in the second discovery commanded by Captain-General Fray García Jofre de Loaysa, Knight of the Order of Rhodes, citizen of Ciudad RealVI. How Captain-General Fray García Jofre de Loaysa rejoined the other ships of the armada, and of other events that happened to them, and of the giants and people of the Strait of Magellanes to whom Magellanes gave the name PatagonesVII.What happened to the cleric Don Joan de Areyzaga among the giant Patagones, and of the continuation of their journey in search of the ships of the armadaVIII.Of some particulars of the people called the giants, and of the birds, fish and other things that those of this armada observedIX.Continuing the journey of the armada that went with Commander Fray García de Loaysa, and of some particulars of the river and harbour of Santa Cruz and of that landX. Of some particulars of the river of San Alfonso where he had been before, as reported in Chapter IV, and how the armada returned to the Strait of Fernando MagallanesXI. Of some particulars of the famous Strait of Ferdinand MagellanesXII. Of what happened to Captain Sanctiago de Guevara and to Chaplain Don Juan de Areyzaga and the other Spaniards aboard the pinnace Santiago in their journey beyond the Strait XIII.In which is the conclusion of the account of the cleric Don Juan de AreyzagaXIV. Of the Strait of Magallanes, its length and width, its notable parts, the giants that inhabit it and other particulars.XV. How the third captain-general named Salazar died, and Martín Iñiquez de Carquizano was elected to fill the position and continued the voyage to the Maluco; how they came upon a rich island called Vendanao and what happened to them thereXVI.How they discovered the Ladrones Islands and came upon a Christian Spaniard who had sailed in the first armada with Captain Ferdinand MagellanXVII.How the third captain-general named Salazar died, and Martín Iñiquez de Carquizano was elected to fill the position and continued the voyage to the Maluco; how they came upon a rich island called Vendanao and what happened to them thereXVIII.Which treats of the province of Cebú and of the trade there with Chinese merchants and in the other islands of the Célebes archipelago, and of the voyage of this flagshipXIX.Of the embassy that Captain Martín Iñiguez de Carquizano sent to the kings of Tidore and of Gilolo; and of the gracious responses and good will the emissaries received from those kings and how pleased they were at the arrival of those Castilians at their landsXX.How the Emperor’s captain determined to go see the kings of Tidore and Gilolo and departed in his ship accompanied by their emissaries in their paraos; how on the way he was given a letter from the captain-general of the king of Portugal and his response to itXXI.How the Portuguese went to fight the Castilians at Tidore with many more people than the soldiers of the Emperor; how the ones and the others fared in this encounter; and how the Portuguese returned badly damaged to their fortress of TernateXXII.How Captain Martín Iñiguez sent a parao to determine if the two ships they saw sailing were of the armada or not; and how those who set out on this mission captured two paraos at sea and burned a town on the island of Motil that the Portuguese held XXIII.How the general sent Captain Urdaneta to search for the ships they had sighted from Camafo; and how he burned down a town on an island and killed or captured its inhabitants; and how he came upon eight paraos with Portuguese on board XXIV.How Captain-General Martín Iñiguez ordered a galleon built to send to Spain because the flagship was no longer seaworthy; how two paraos of Portuguese came and the Spaniards sallied forth against them XXV.Which treats of the arrival of Don Jorge de Meneses in India and of the subsequent differences and wars between the Portuguese and the Castilians; and how the parties agreed to a truce which was broken by the Portuguese XXVI.How Fernando de la Torre was elected captain-general on the death of Martín Iñiguez; how the fusta the Castilians were building in Gilolo was destroyed by a fire secretly set by the Portuguese; how a principal gentleman of Tidore was killed for sleeping with the queen; and of other things pertinent to the historyXXVII. How Quichilhumar, governor of Machián, abandoned the Portuguese and passed over to the Castilian side and how the Portuguese destroyed the city of Machián by means of an Indian traitor; and of the intervention of the Portuguese and Castilians in support of their allies XXVIII. How, at the Emperor’s command, the governor of New Spain sent a galleon and crew to the Spicelands to learn of Captain Fray García de Loaysa’s armada, and found things in the state that has been related, and of what happened on the galleon’s arrivalXXIX.How Hernando Cortés’s galleon, captained by Alvaro de Saavedra, departed the Maluco carrying some Portuguese prisoners and the despicable thing they did to the captain in stealing the ship’s boat; and how the ship returned to Tidore XXX. How …Captain Saavedra’s galleon returned to the Maluco to be cleared to return to New Spain; how the king of Gilolo and special friend of the Castilians died; how Tidore was lost as well as our fortress by the treason and mutiny of Fernando de BustamanteXXXI. How the galleon of Governor Hernando Cortés returned a second time, coming to Camafo; and how Captain Fernando de la Torre renewed the war because the Portuguese did not live up to the agreement; and how the Indians on both sides made peace among themselves and agreed to kill the Castilians and the PortugueseXXXII. How Gonzalo Pereyra came to the Maluco as the king of Portugal’s captain and arrested Don Jorge de Meneses; and how Gonzalo Pereyra and the Castilians re-established the peace between the parties; and how the Indians of Ternate rose up against the Portuguese, …and how the Portuguese recovered their fortress and … the Castilians sent to India to request passage to Spain XXXIII. How the Portuguese took the city of Gilolo where the Castilians were and how the Castilians and their captain passed over to the Portuguese and went with them to their fortress in Ternate where Captain Tristán de Atayde gave them the two thousand ducats that the Portuguese governor of India granted them for their journeyXXXIV. A description of the clove islands called the Maluco, and an account of the clove gathered in each island one year to the next; and of their customs, marriages, conduct and merchandise exchanged between those people; and likewise of the Célebes Islands, the Banthán Islands XXXV. Of some customs, ceremonies, and rites of the Indians of the Spicelands; and of how the Castilians left Maluco for India, passing by way of Java; and especially of Captain Urdaneta, the one who most travelled and saw things of those parts XXXVI. Of a remarkable case of a fruit resembling almonds, and how many of them are found on a small islet without there being an almond tree or any tree that bears such a fruit on that island nor is that fruit produced where it is found; rather it comes by airAPPENDICES1.The narrative which Andres de Urdaneta submits to your Majesty of the fleet which your Majesty despatched to the Spice Islands under the Comendador Loaysa, in the year 15252.Narrative of all that was traversed and discovered by the Captain Alvaro de Sayavedra who sailed from the port of Yacatulo in New Spain on November 1st, 1527: which fleet was despatched by Don Hernan Cortes, Marquis of ValleBIBLIOGRAPHYINDEX