Chaosong Huang, Air Force Research Laboratory, USAGang Lu, National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA

• List of Contributors viiPreface xiPart I: The Polar Cap and Auroral Ionosphere 11 Magnetospheric Energy Input to the Ionosphere 3Cheryl Huang2 High Latitude Ionospheric Convection 21Stephen E. Milan and Adrian Grocott3 Multiscale Dynamics in the High-Latitude Ionosphere 49Yukitoshi Nishimura, Yue Deng, Larry R. Lyons, Ryan M. McGranaghan, and Matthew D. Zettergren4 Recent Advances in Polar Cap Density Structure Research 67Shasha Zou, Gareth W. Perry, and John C. Foster5 Polar Cap O+ Ion Outflow and Its Impact on Magnetospheric Dynamics 83Binzheng Zhang and Oliver J. BramblesPart II: The Subauroral and Midlatitude Ionosphere 1156 Ionospheric Storm-Enhanced Density Plumes 117John C. Foster, Shasha Zou, Roderick A. Heelis, and Philip J. Erickson7 Ion Outflow and Lobe Density: Interhemispheric Asymmetries 127Stein Haaland, Bjørn Lybekk, Lukas Maes, Karl Magnus Laundal, Arne Pedersen, Paul Tenfjord, Anders Ohma, Nikolai Østgaard, Jone Reistad, and Kristian Snekvik8 Mesoscale and Small-Scale Structure of the Subauroral Geospace 139Evgeny Mishin and Anatoly StreltsovPart III: The Low-Latitude Ionosphere 1599 Equatorial Ionospheric Electrodynamics 161Bela G. Fejer and Astrid Maute10 Theory and Modeling of Equatorial Spread F 185Joe D. Huba11 Observations of Equatorial Spread F: A Working Hypothesis 201Roland T. Tsunoda12 The Equatorial Electrojet 281Hermann Lühr, Patrick Alken, and Yun-Liang Zhou13 Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Variations During Geomagnetic Storms 301Xiaoli LuanPart IV: Global Ionospheric Processes 31314 Penetration of the Magnetospheric Electric Fields to the Low Latitude Ionosphere 315Takashi Kikuchi15 Ionosphere and Thermosphere Coupling at Mid- and Subauroral Latitudes 339Shun-Rong Zhang16 Sudden Stratospheric Warming Impacts on the Ionosphere-Thermosphere System: A Review of Recent Progress 369Larisa P. Goncharenko, V. Lynn Harvey, Huixin Liu, and Nicholas M. Pedatella17 Ionospheric Dynamics and Their Strong Longitudinal Dependences 401Endawoke Yizengaw18 Medium-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances 421Yuichi OtsukaPart V: Ionospheric Impacts on Applications 43919 Ionospheric Effects on HF Radio Wave Propagation 441Manuel A. Cervera, Trevor J. Harris, David A. Holdsworth, and David J. Netherway20 Ionospheric Scintillation Effects on Satellite Navigation 493Seebany Datta-Barua, Eric Altshuler, Todd Walter, and Sam Pullen21 Ionospheric Disturbances Related to Earthquakes 511Kosuke Heki22 Atmospheric and Ionospheric Disturbances Caused by Tsunamis 527Michael P. HickeyIndex 543

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Chaosong Huang, Air Force Research Laboratory, USAGang Lu, National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA

• List of Contributors viiPreface xiPart I: The Polar Cap and Auroral Ionosphere 11 Magnetospheric Energy Input to the Ionosphere 3Cheryl Huang2 High Latitude Ionospheric Convection 21Stephen E. Milan and Adrian Grocott3 Multiscale Dynamics in the High-Latitude Ionosphere 49Yukitoshi Nishimura, Yue Deng, Larry R. Lyons, Ryan M. McGranaghan, and Matthew D. Zettergren4 Recent Advances in Polar Cap Density Structure Research 67Shasha Zou, Gareth W. Perry, and John C. Foster5 Polar Cap O+ Ion Outflow and Its Impact on Magnetospheric Dynamics 83Binzheng Zhang and Oliver J. BramblesPart II: The Subauroral and Midlatitude Ionosphere 1156 Ionospheric Storm-Enhanced Density Plumes 117John C. Foster, Shasha Zou, Roderick A. Heelis, and Philip J. Erickson7 Ion Outflow and Lobe Density: Interhemispheric Asymmetries 127Stein Haaland, Bjørn Lybekk, Lukas Maes, Karl Magnus Laundal, Arne Pedersen, Paul Tenfjord, Anders Ohma, Nikolai Østgaard, Jone Reistad, and Kristian Snekvik8 Mesoscale and Small-Scale Structure of the Subauroral Geospace 139Evgeny Mishin and Anatoly StreltsovPart III: The Low-Latitude Ionosphere 1599 Equatorial Ionospheric Electrodynamics 161Bela G. Fejer and Astrid Maute10 Theory and Modeling of Equatorial Spread F 185Joe D. Huba11 Observations of Equatorial Spread F: A Working Hypothesis 201Roland T. Tsunoda12 The Equatorial Electrojet 281Hermann Lühr, Patrick Alken, and Yun-Liang Zhou13 Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Variations During Geomagnetic Storms 301Xiaoli LuanPart IV: Global Ionospheric Processes 31314 Penetration of the Magnetospheric Electric Fields to the Low Latitude Ionosphere 315Takashi Kikuchi15 Ionosphere and Thermosphere Coupling at Mid- and Subauroral Latitudes 339Shun-Rong Zhang16 Sudden Stratospheric Warming Impacts on the Ionosphere-Thermosphere System: A Review of Recent Progress 369Larisa P. Goncharenko, V. Lynn Harvey, Huixin Liu, and Nicholas M. Pedatella17 Ionospheric Dynamics and Their Strong Longitudinal Dependences 401Endawoke Yizengaw18 Medium-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances 421Yuichi OtsukaPart V: Ionospheric Impacts on Applications 43919 Ionospheric Effects on HF Radio Wave Propagation 441Manuel A. Cervera, Trevor J. Harris, David A. Holdsworth, and David J. Netherway20 Ionospheric Scintillation Effects on Satellite Navigation 493Seebany Datta-Barua, Eric Altshuler, Todd Walter, and Sam Pullen21 Ionospheric Disturbances Related to Earthquakes 511Kosuke Heki22 Atmospheric and Ionospheric Disturbances Caused by Tsunamis 527Michael P. HickeyIndex 543

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Chaosong Huang, Air Force Research Laboratory, USAGang Lu, National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA

• List of Contributors viiPreface xiPart I: The Polar Cap and Auroral Ionosphere 11 Magnetospheric Energy Input to the Ionosphere 3Cheryl Huang2 High Latitude Ionospheric Convection 21Stephen E. Milan and Adrian Grocott3 Multiscale Dynamics in the High-Latitude Ionosphere 49Yukitoshi Nishimura, Yue Deng, Larry R. Lyons, Ryan M. McGranaghan, and Matthew D. Zettergren4 Recent Advances in Polar Cap Density Structure Research 67Shasha Zou, Gareth W. Perry, and John C. Foster5 Polar Cap O+ Ion Outflow and Its Impact on Magnetospheric Dynamics 83Binzheng Zhang and Oliver J. BramblesPart II: The Subauroral and Midlatitude Ionosphere 1156 Ionospheric Storm-Enhanced Density Plumes 117John C. Foster, Shasha Zou, Roderick A. Heelis, and Philip J. Erickson7 Ion Outflow and Lobe Density: Interhemispheric Asymmetries 127Stein Haaland, Bjørn Lybekk, Lukas Maes, Karl Magnus Laundal, Arne Pedersen, Paul Tenfjord, Anders Ohma, Nikolai Østgaard, Jone Reistad, and Kristian Snekvik8 Mesoscale and Small-Scale Structure of the Subauroral Geospace 139Evgeny Mishin and Anatoly StreltsovPart III: The Low-Latitude Ionosphere 1599 Equatorial Ionospheric Electrodynamics 161Bela G. Fejer and Astrid Maute10 Theory and Modeling of Equatorial Spread F 185Joe D. Huba11 Observations of Equatorial Spread F: A Working Hypothesis 201Roland T. Tsunoda12 The Equatorial Electrojet 281Hermann Lühr, Patrick Alken, and Yun-Liang Zhou13 Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Variations During Geomagnetic Storms 301Xiaoli LuanPart IV: Global Ionospheric Processes 31314 Penetration of the Magnetospheric Electric Fields to the Low Latitude Ionosphere 315Takashi Kikuchi15 Ionosphere and Thermosphere Coupling at Mid- and Subauroral Latitudes 339Shun-Rong Zhang16 Sudden Stratospheric Warming Impacts on the Ionosphere-Thermosphere System: A Review of Recent Progress 369Larisa P. Goncharenko, V. Lynn Harvey, Huixin Liu, and Nicholas M. Pedatella17 Ionospheric Dynamics and Their Strong Longitudinal Dependences 401Endawoke Yizengaw18 Medium-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances 421Yuichi OtsukaPart V: Ionospheric Impacts on Applications 43919 Ionospheric Effects on HF Radio Wave Propagation 441Manuel A. Cervera, Trevor J. Harris, David A. Holdsworth, and David J. Netherway20 Ionospheric Scintillation Effects on Satellite Navigation 493Seebany Datta-Barua, Eric Altshuler, Todd Walter, and Sam Pullen21 Ionospheric Disturbances Related to Earthquakes 511Kosuke Heki22 Atmospheric and Ionospheric Disturbances Caused by Tsunamis 527Michael P. HickeyIndex 543

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