Yuval Baruch is head of the Archaeology Division at the Israel Antiquities Authority.Ronny Reich is Professor Emeritus of Classical Archaeology at the University of Haifa.Moran Hagbi is a field and research archaeologist at the Israel Antiquities Authority.Joe Uziel is head of the Dead Sea Scrolls Unit at the Israel Antiquities Authority.

• Preface Yuval Baruch and Ronny ReichPART I: THE SOUTHERN WALL: ITS HISTORICAL, ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL FRAMEWORKChapter 1 INTRODUCTION Yuval Baruch and Ronny ReichChapter 2 HISTORY OF RESEARCH AND DOCUMENTATION ALONG THE SOUTHERN WALL OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT/ḤARAM AŠ-ŠARĪF: FROM FREDERICK CATHERWOOD TO CONRAD SCHICK Shimon GibsonChapter 3 TOPOGRAPHY Yuval Baruch and Ronny ReichPART IIA: EXCAVATIONS NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNERChapter 4 EXCAVATION NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER— AREAS A AND B Yuval Baruch and Ronny ReichChapter 5 THE ROADS LEADING TO THE TEMPLE MOUNT FROM THE SOUTH Yuval Baruch and Ronny ReichChapter 6 IRON AGE POTTERY FOUND NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Efrat BocherChapter 7 EARLY ROMAN–BYZANTINE POTTERY FOUND NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Dèbora SandhausChapter 8 ARCHITECTURAL FRAGMENTS FOUND NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Orit Peleg-BarkatChapter 9 STAMP IMPRESSIONS OF THE LEGIO X FRETENSIS FOUND NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Benjamin J. Dolinka and Filip VukosavovićChapter 10 LATE ROMAN DUCK HEAD FOUND NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Yuval Baruch and Dèbora SandhausChapter 11 COINS AND A FLAN MOLD FROM EXCAVATIONS NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Donald T. ArielChapter 12 EARLY ROMAN PERIOD STONE VESSELS AND OBJECTS FOUND NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Ronny ReichChapter 13 FAUNAL REMAINS FOUND NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Abra Spiciarich and Lidar Sapir-HenChapter 14 BONE IMPLEMENTS FOUND NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Ronny ReichChapter 15 SUMMARY OF EXCAVATIONS NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Yuval Baruch and Ronny ReichINDEX OF LOCI AND WALLSPART IIB: EXCAVATIONS WEST OF THE SOUTHWESTERN CORNERChapter 16 THE WESTERN WALL FOUNDATIONS: STRATIGRAPHY AND ARCHITECTURE Moran Hagbi and Joe UzielChapter 17 POTTERY FROM THE WESTERN WALL FOUNDATIONS Moran Hagbi and Joe UzielChapter 18 CATALOG OF SMALL FINDS FROM THE WESTERN WALL FOUNDATIONS EXCAVATIONSMoran Hagbi and Joe UzielChapter 19 COINS FOUND ALONG THE WESTERN WALL FOUNDATIONS EXCAVATIONS Donald T. ArielChapter 20 GLASS FINDS FROM THE WESTERN WALL FOUNDATIONS EXCAVATIONS Tamar WinterChapter 21 STONE VESSELS FROM THE EXCAVATIONS ALONG THE WESTERN WALL FOUNDATIONS Ayala ZilbersteinChapter 22 ANIMAL BONE REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVATIONS ALONG THE WESTERN WALL FOUNDATIONS Nimrod MaromChapter 23 DENDROARCHAEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF REMAINS FOUND AT THE EXCAVATIONS OF THE WESTERN WALL FOUNDATIONS Helena Roth and Dafna LanggutChapter 24 RESIDUE ANALYSIS OF FILLS EXCAVATED ALONG THEWESTERN WALL FOUNDATIONS Dvory NamdarChapter 25 THE EXCAVATION ALONG THE SOUTHWESTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT: DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Moran Hagbi and Joe UzielINDEX OF LOCI AND WALLSPART IIC: EXCAVATIONS AT AN ISLAMIC CEMETERYChapter 26 AN EARLY ISLAMIC CEMETERY AT THE EDGE OF THE TEMPLE MOUNTRonny Reich, Yaakov Billig and Yossi NagarPART III: STUDIES IN THE VICINITY OF THE WALLSChapter 27 OBSERVATIONS ON THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE SOUTHERN WALL Yuval Baruch and Ronny ReichChapter 28 SCULPTURAL DECORATION OF THE FAÇADE OF THE DOUBLE GATE: A NEW STYLISTIC APPROACH Svetlana TarkhanovaChapter 29 HEBREW INSCRIPTIONS Ronny Reich, Yuval Baruch, Dror Czitron and Hélène MachlineChapter 30 THE ISAIAH 66:14 INSCRIPTION RECONSIDERED Ronny Reich and Yaakov BilligChapter 31 ARABIC INSCRIPTIONS Moshe SharonChapter 32 THE THICKNESS OF THE WESTERN WALL: GROUND PENETRATING RADAR IMAGINGUri BassonChapter 33 RADIOCARBON ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGY OF THE SOUTHWEST CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Johanna Regev and Elisabetta BoarettoPART IV: CONSERVATION OF THE SOUTHERN WALL AND THE AREA OF ROBINSON’S ARCHChapter 34 CONSERVATION OF THE SOUTHERN WALL Ofer CohenChapter 35 CONSERVATION SURVEY OF THE ASHLARS OF THE WESTERN WALLYonathan Tzahor, Yosef Vaknin, Yael Kalman and Dorit TsipshteinChapter 36 DEGRADATION OF THE STONES IN THE WESTERN WALL: SALT DISTRIBUTION OVER THREE DECADESYotam Asscher, Aliza Van Zuiden and Meidad ShorChapter 37 CONSERVATION PHILOSOPHY AND WORK ON THE BASE OF THE WESTERN WALLAliza Van ZuidenPART V: SYNTHESIS AND SUMMARYChapter 38 PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE Yuval Baruch and Ronny Reich

“The Temple Mount/Haram aš-Šarīf has fascinated scholars since the dawn of modern archaeology, and the pious for millennia before that. The studies assembled here document excavations and conservation at the southern and southwestern retaining walls of the Herodian Temple, with special care for all periods—from the Iron Age to Herod the Great to medieval Islam. This magnificent volume is a monument to decades of dedicated research, a resource for generations to come!”—Steven Fine, Churgin Professor of Jewish History, Yeshiva University

Yuval Baruch is head of the Archaeology Division at the Israel Antiquities Authority.Ronny Reich is Professor Emeritus of Classical Archaeology at the University of Haifa.Moran Hagbi is a field and research archaeologist at the Israel Antiquities Authority.Joe Uziel is head of the Dead Sea Scrolls Unit at the Israel Antiquities Authority.

• Preface Yuval Baruch and Ronny ReichPART I: THE SOUTHERN WALL: ITS HISTORICAL, ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL FRAMEWORKChapter 1 INTRODUCTION Yuval Baruch and Ronny ReichChapter 2 HISTORY OF RESEARCH AND DOCUMENTATION ALONG THE SOUTHERN WALL OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT/ḤARAM AŠ-ŠARĪF: FROM FREDERICK CATHERWOOD TO CONRAD SCHICK Shimon GibsonChapter 3 TOPOGRAPHY Yuval Baruch and Ronny ReichPART IIA: EXCAVATIONS NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNERChapter 4 EXCAVATION NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER— AREAS A AND B Yuval Baruch and Ronny ReichChapter 5 THE ROADS LEADING TO THE TEMPLE MOUNT FROM THE SOUTH Yuval Baruch and Ronny ReichChapter 6 IRON AGE POTTERY FOUND NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Efrat BocherChapter 7 EARLY ROMAN–BYZANTINE POTTERY FOUND NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Dèbora SandhausChapter 8 ARCHITECTURAL FRAGMENTS FOUND NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Orit Peleg-BarkatChapter 9 STAMP IMPRESSIONS OF THE LEGIO X FRETENSIS FOUND NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Benjamin J. Dolinka and Filip VukosavovićChapter 10 LATE ROMAN DUCK HEAD FOUND NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Yuval Baruch and Dèbora SandhausChapter 11 COINS AND A FLAN MOLD FROM EXCAVATIONS NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Donald T. ArielChapter 12 EARLY ROMAN PERIOD STONE VESSELS AND OBJECTS FOUND NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Ronny ReichChapter 13 FAUNAL REMAINS FOUND NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Abra Spiciarich and Lidar Sapir-HenChapter 14 BONE IMPLEMENTS FOUND NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Ronny ReichChapter 15 SUMMARY OF EXCAVATIONS NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Yuval Baruch and Ronny ReichINDEX OF LOCI AND WALLSPART IIB: EXCAVATIONS WEST OF THE SOUTHWESTERN CORNERChapter 16 THE WESTERN WALL FOUNDATIONS: STRATIGRAPHY AND ARCHITECTURE Moran Hagbi and Joe UzielChapter 17 POTTERY FROM THE WESTERN WALL FOUNDATIONS Moran Hagbi and Joe UzielChapter 18 CATALOG OF SMALL FINDS FROM THE WESTERN WALL FOUNDATIONS EXCAVATIONSMoran Hagbi and Joe UzielChapter 19 COINS FOUND ALONG THE WESTERN WALL FOUNDATIONS EXCAVATIONS Donald T. ArielChapter 20 GLASS FINDS FROM THE WESTERN WALL FOUNDATIONS EXCAVATIONS Tamar WinterChapter 21 STONE VESSELS FROM THE EXCAVATIONS ALONG THE WESTERN WALL FOUNDATIONS Ayala ZilbersteinChapter 22 ANIMAL BONE REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVATIONS ALONG THE WESTERN WALL FOUNDATIONS Nimrod MaromChapter 23 DENDROARCHAEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF REMAINS FOUND AT THE EXCAVATIONS OF THE WESTERN WALL FOUNDATIONS Helena Roth and Dafna LanggutChapter 24 RESIDUE ANALYSIS OF FILLS EXCAVATED ALONG THEWESTERN WALL FOUNDATIONS Dvory NamdarChapter 25 THE EXCAVATION ALONG THE SOUTHWESTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT: DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Moran Hagbi and Joe UzielINDEX OF LOCI AND WALLSPART IIC: EXCAVATIONS AT AN ISLAMIC CEMETERYChapter 26 AN EARLY ISLAMIC CEMETERY AT THE EDGE OF THE TEMPLE MOUNTRonny Reich, Yaakov Billig and Yossi NagarPART III: STUDIES IN THE VICINITY OF THE WALLSChapter 27 OBSERVATIONS ON THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE SOUTHERN WALL Yuval Baruch and Ronny ReichChapter 28 SCULPTURAL DECORATION OF THE FAÇADE OF THE DOUBLE GATE: A NEW STYLISTIC APPROACH Svetlana TarkhanovaChapter 29 HEBREW INSCRIPTIONS Ronny Reich, Yuval Baruch, Dror Czitron and Hélène MachlineChapter 30 THE ISAIAH 66:14 INSCRIPTION RECONSIDERED Ronny Reich and Yaakov BilligChapter 31 ARABIC INSCRIPTIONS Moshe SharonChapter 32 THE THICKNESS OF THE WESTERN WALL: GROUND PENETRATING RADAR IMAGINGUri BassonChapter 33 RADIOCARBON ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGY OF THE SOUTHWEST CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Johanna Regev and Elisabetta BoarettoPART IV: CONSERVATION OF THE SOUTHERN WALL AND THE AREA OF ROBINSON’S ARCHChapter 34 CONSERVATION OF THE SOUTHERN WALL Ofer CohenChapter 35 CONSERVATION SURVEY OF THE ASHLARS OF THE WESTERN WALLYonathan Tzahor, Yosef Vaknin, Yael Kalman and Dorit TsipshteinChapter 36 DEGRADATION OF THE STONES IN THE WESTERN WALL: SALT DISTRIBUTION OVER THREE DECADESYotam Asscher, Aliza Van Zuiden and Meidad ShorChapter 37 CONSERVATION PHILOSOPHY AND WORK ON THE BASE OF THE WESTERN WALLAliza Van ZuidenPART V: SYNTHESIS AND SUMMARYChapter 38 PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE Yuval Baruch and Ronny Reich

“The Temple Mount/Haram aš-Šarīf has fascinated scholars since the dawn of modern archaeology, and the pious for millennia before that. The studies assembled here document excavations and conservation at the southern and southwestern retaining walls of the Herodian Temple, with special care for all periods—from the Iron Age to Herod the Great to medieval Islam. This magnificent volume is a monument to decades of dedicated research, a resource for generations to come!”—Steven Fine, Churgin Professor of Jewish History, Yeshiva University

Yuval Baruch is head of the Archaeology Division at the Israel Antiquities Authority.Ronny Reich is Professor Emeritus of Classical Archaeology at the University of Haifa.Moran Hagbi is a field and research archaeologist at the Israel Antiquities Authority.Joe Uziel is head of the Dead Sea Scrolls Unit at the Israel Antiquities Authority.

• Preface Yuval Baruch and Ronny ReichPART I: THE SOUTHERN WALL: ITS HISTORICAL, ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL FRAMEWORKChapter 1 INTRODUCTION Yuval Baruch and Ronny ReichChapter 2 HISTORY OF RESEARCH AND DOCUMENTATION ALONG THE SOUTHERN WALL OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT/ḤARAM AŠ-ŠARĪF: FROM FREDERICK CATHERWOOD TO CONRAD SCHICK Shimon GibsonChapter 3 TOPOGRAPHY Yuval Baruch and Ronny ReichPART IIA: EXCAVATIONS NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNERChapter 4 EXCAVATION NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER— AREAS A AND B Yuval Baruch and Ronny ReichChapter 5 THE ROADS LEADING TO THE TEMPLE MOUNT FROM THE SOUTH Yuval Baruch and Ronny ReichChapter 6 IRON AGE POTTERY FOUND NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Efrat BocherChapter 7 EARLY ROMAN–BYZANTINE POTTERY FOUND NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Dèbora SandhausChapter 8 ARCHITECTURAL FRAGMENTS FOUND NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Orit Peleg-BarkatChapter 9 STAMP IMPRESSIONS OF THE LEGIO X FRETENSIS FOUND NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Benjamin J. Dolinka and Filip VukosavovićChapter 10 LATE ROMAN DUCK HEAD FOUND NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Yuval Baruch and Dèbora SandhausChapter 11 COINS AND A FLAN MOLD FROM EXCAVATIONS NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Donald T. ArielChapter 12 EARLY ROMAN PERIOD STONE VESSELS AND OBJECTS FOUND NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Ronny ReichChapter 13 FAUNAL REMAINS FOUND NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Abra Spiciarich and Lidar Sapir-HenChapter 14 BONE IMPLEMENTS FOUND NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Ronny ReichChapter 15 SUMMARY OF EXCAVATIONS NEAR THE SOUTHEASTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Yuval Baruch and Ronny ReichINDEX OF LOCI AND WALLSPART IIB: EXCAVATIONS WEST OF THE SOUTHWESTERN CORNERChapter 16 THE WESTERN WALL FOUNDATIONS: STRATIGRAPHY AND ARCHITECTURE Moran Hagbi and Joe UzielChapter 17 POTTERY FROM THE WESTERN WALL FOUNDATIONS Moran Hagbi and Joe UzielChapter 18 CATALOG OF SMALL FINDS FROM THE WESTERN WALL FOUNDATIONS EXCAVATIONSMoran Hagbi and Joe UzielChapter 19 COINS FOUND ALONG THE WESTERN WALL FOUNDATIONS EXCAVATIONS Donald T. ArielChapter 20 GLASS FINDS FROM THE WESTERN WALL FOUNDATIONS EXCAVATIONS Tamar WinterChapter 21 STONE VESSELS FROM THE EXCAVATIONS ALONG THE WESTERN WALL FOUNDATIONS Ayala ZilbersteinChapter 22 ANIMAL BONE REMAINS FROM THE EXCAVATIONS ALONG THE WESTERN WALL FOUNDATIONS Nimrod MaromChapter 23 DENDROARCHAEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF REMAINS FOUND AT THE EXCAVATIONS OF THE WESTERN WALL FOUNDATIONS Helena Roth and Dafna LanggutChapter 24 RESIDUE ANALYSIS OF FILLS EXCAVATED ALONG THEWESTERN WALL FOUNDATIONS Dvory NamdarChapter 25 THE EXCAVATION ALONG THE SOUTHWESTERN CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT: DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Moran Hagbi and Joe UzielINDEX OF LOCI AND WALLSPART IIC: EXCAVATIONS AT AN ISLAMIC CEMETERYChapter 26 AN EARLY ISLAMIC CEMETERY AT THE EDGE OF THE TEMPLE MOUNTRonny Reich, Yaakov Billig and Yossi NagarPART III: STUDIES IN THE VICINITY OF THE WALLSChapter 27 OBSERVATIONS ON THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE SOUTHERN WALL Yuval Baruch and Ronny ReichChapter 28 SCULPTURAL DECORATION OF THE FAÇADE OF THE DOUBLE GATE: A NEW STYLISTIC APPROACH Svetlana TarkhanovaChapter 29 HEBREW INSCRIPTIONS Ronny Reich, Yuval Baruch, Dror Czitron and Hélène MachlineChapter 30 THE ISAIAH 66:14 INSCRIPTION RECONSIDERED Ronny Reich and Yaakov BilligChapter 31 ARABIC INSCRIPTIONS Moshe SharonChapter 32 THE THICKNESS OF THE WESTERN WALL: GROUND PENETRATING RADAR IMAGINGUri BassonChapter 33 RADIOCARBON ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGY OF THE SOUTHWEST CORNER OF THE TEMPLE MOUNT Johanna Regev and Elisabetta BoarettoPART IV: CONSERVATION OF THE SOUTHERN WALL AND THE AREA OF ROBINSON’S ARCHChapter 34 CONSERVATION OF THE SOUTHERN WALL Ofer CohenChapter 35 CONSERVATION SURVEY OF THE ASHLARS OF THE WESTERN WALLYonathan Tzahor, Yosef Vaknin, Yael Kalman and Dorit TsipshteinChapter 36 DEGRADATION OF THE STONES IN THE WESTERN WALL: SALT DISTRIBUTION OVER THREE DECADESYotam Asscher, Aliza Van Zuiden and Meidad ShorChapter 37 CONSERVATION PHILOSOPHY AND WORK ON THE BASE OF THE WESTERN WALLAliza Van ZuidenPART V: SYNTHESIS AND SUMMARYChapter 38 PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE Yuval Baruch and Ronny Reich

“The Temple Mount/Haram aš-Šarīf has fascinated scholars since the dawn of modern archaeology, and the pious for millennia before that. The studies assembled here document excavations and conservation at the southern and southwestern retaining walls of the Herodian Temple, with special care for all periods—from the Iron Age to Herod the Great to medieval Islam. This magnificent volume is a monument to decades of dedicated research, a resource for generations to come!”—Steven Fine, Churgin Professor of Jewish History, Yeshiva University