Kurtis R. Schaeffer is professor and chair of the Department of Religious Studies at the University of Virginia. He is the author of The Culture of the Book in Tibet and Himalayan Hermitess: The Life of a Tibetan Buddhist Nun. With Gray Tuttle, he is coeditor of The Tibetan History Reader. Matthew T. Kapstein is director of Tibetan Studies at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes in Paris and Numata Visiting Professor of Buddhist Studies at the University of Chicago. He is the author of The Tibetans and The Tibetan Assimilation of Buddhism: Conversion, Contestation, and Memory. Gray Tuttle is the Leila Hadley Luce Associate Professor of Modern Tibet in the Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures at Columbia University. He is the author of Tibetan Buddhists in the Making of Modern China and the editor of Mapping the Modern in Tibet. With Kurtis R. Schaeffer, he is coeditor of The Tibetan History Reader.

• Preface Acknowledgments Transcription and Transliteration Conventions List of Contributors Dates in Tibetan History and Key Events in Neighboring Lands Maps PART ONE. Political Expansion and the Beginnings of Tibetan Buddhist Culture (Seventh to Tenth Centuries) 1. Tibet in Medieval Chinese 2. Imperial Records from Dunhuang 3. Imperial Edicts from Central and Far Eastern Tibet 4. Institutions and Knowledge Under the Tibetan Empire 5. Early Religion and the Beginnings of Buddhism PART TWO. Tibet in Fragments: From Empire to Monastic Principalities (Eleventh to Twelfth Centuries) 6. Renewal and Rediscovery: The Later Diffusion of Buddhism and the Response of the "Ancients" 7. The Proliferation of New Lineages 8. The Bon Tradition 9. The Development of Medical Tradition PART THREE. The Age of Monastic and Aristocratic Hegemonies: The Florescence of Tibetan Culture (Thirteenth to Sixteenth Centuries) 10. Elaborating the Narratives of Tibetan Antiquity 11. Historians and Historical Documents of the Thirteenth to Sixteenth Centuries 12. Explorations of Buddhist Doctrine 13. Literary Developments 14. Writings on Death and Dying 15. The Growth of the Arts and Sciences PART FOUR. The Age of Centralization: The Rise of the Ganden Government and the Period of Its Bid for Cultural Hegemony (Seventeenth to Twentieth Centuries) 16. The Beginnings of the Gandenpa School 17. The Fifth Dalai Lama and the Ganden Government 18. Aristocrats 19. Religious and Political Developments in Eastern Tibet 20. Encountering Other Cultures 21. Religious Writers in Amdo and Kham PART FIVE. Expanding Horizons in the Early Twentieth Century 22. Early Twentieth-Century Tibetan Encounters with the West 23. Tibetans Addressing Modern Political Issues Credits For Further Reading Index 06_scha13598_00_toc.doc: viii

... A welcome addition and marks the maturation of Tibetan studies as a discipline. Bulletin of SOAS This volume is a great achievement and a testament to the hard work of its editors and contributors... Students and other readers wishing to obtain an overview of the contemporary field of Tibetan Studies could not do better. -- Sam van Schaik Journal of the American Oriental Society

Kurtis R. Schaeffer is professor and chair of the Department of Religious Studies at the University of Virginia. He is the author of The Culture of the Book in Tibet and Himalayan Hermitess: The Life of a Tibetan Buddhist Nun. With Gray Tuttle, he is coeditor of The Tibetan History Reader. Matthew T. Kapstein is director of Tibetan Studies at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes in Paris and Numata Visiting Professor of Buddhist Studies at the University of Chicago. He is the author of The Tibetans and The Tibetan Assimilation of Buddhism: Conversion, Contestation, and Memory. Gray Tuttle is the Leila Hadley Luce Associate Professor of Modern Tibet in the Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures at Columbia University. He is the author of Tibetan Buddhists in the Making of Modern China and the editor of Mapping the Modern in Tibet. With Kurtis R. Schaeffer, he is coeditor of The Tibetan History Reader.

• Preface Acknowledgments Transcription and Transliteration Conventions List of Contributors Dates in Tibetan History and Key Events in Neighboring Lands Maps PART ONE. Political Expansion and the Beginnings of Tibetan Buddhist Culture (Seventh to Tenth Centuries) 1. Tibet in Medieval Chinese 2. Imperial Records from Dunhuang 3. Imperial Edicts from Central and Far Eastern Tibet 4. Institutions and Knowledge Under the Tibetan Empire 5. Early Religion and the Beginnings of Buddhism PART TWO. Tibet in Fragments: From Empire to Monastic Principalities (Eleventh to Twelfth Centuries) 6. Renewal and Rediscovery: The Later Diffusion of Buddhism and the Response of the "Ancients" 7. The Proliferation of New Lineages 8. The Bon Tradition 9. The Development of Medical Tradition PART THREE. The Age of Monastic and Aristocratic Hegemonies: The Florescence of Tibetan Culture (Thirteenth to Sixteenth Centuries) 10. Elaborating the Narratives of Tibetan Antiquity 11. Historians and Historical Documents of the Thirteenth to Sixteenth Centuries 12. Explorations of Buddhist Doctrine 13. Literary Developments 14. Writings on Death and Dying 15. The Growth of the Arts and Sciences PART FOUR. The Age of Centralization: The Rise of the Ganden Government and the Period of Its Bid for Cultural Hegemony (Seventeenth to Twentieth Centuries) 16. The Beginnings of the Gandenpa School 17. The Fifth Dalai Lama and the Ganden Government 18. Aristocrats 19. Religious and Political Developments in Eastern Tibet 20. Encountering Other Cultures 21. Religious Writers in Amdo and Kham PART FIVE. Expanding Horizons in the Early Twentieth Century 22. Early Twentieth-Century Tibetan Encounters with the West 23. Tibetans Addressing Modern Political Issues Credits For Further Reading Index 06_scha13598_00_toc.doc: viii

... A welcome addition and marks the maturation of Tibetan studies as a discipline. Bulletin of SOAS This volume is a great achievement and a testament to the hard work of its editors and contributors... Students and other readers wishing to obtain an overview of the contemporary field of Tibetan Studies could not do better. -- Sam van Schaik Journal of the American Oriental Society

Kurtis R. Schaeffer is professor and chair of the Department of Religious Studies at the University of Virginia. He is the author of The Culture of the Book in Tibet and Himalayan Hermitess: The Life of a Tibetan Buddhist Nun. With Gray Tuttle, he is coeditor of The Tibetan History Reader. Matthew T. Kapstein is director of Tibetan Studies at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes in Paris and Numata Visiting Professor of Buddhist Studies at the University of Chicago. He is the author of The Tibetans and The Tibetan Assimilation of Buddhism: Conversion, Contestation, and Memory. Gray Tuttle is the Leila Hadley Luce Associate Professor of Modern Tibet in the Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures at Columbia University. He is the author of Tibetan Buddhists in the Making of Modern China and the editor of Mapping the Modern in Tibet. With Kurtis R. Schaeffer, he is coeditor of The Tibetan History Reader.

• Preface Acknowledgments Transcription and Transliteration Conventions List of Contributors Dates in Tibetan History and Key Events in Neighboring Lands Maps PART ONE. Political Expansion and the Beginnings of Tibetan Buddhist Culture (Seventh to Tenth Centuries) 1. Tibet in Medieval Chinese 2. Imperial Records from Dunhuang 3. Imperial Edicts from Central and Far Eastern Tibet 4. Institutions and Knowledge Under the Tibetan Empire 5. Early Religion and the Beginnings of Buddhism PART TWO. Tibet in Fragments: From Empire to Monastic Principalities (Eleventh to Twelfth Centuries) 6. Renewal and Rediscovery: The Later Diffusion of Buddhism and the Response of the "Ancients" 7. The Proliferation of New Lineages 8. The Bon Tradition 9. The Development of Medical Tradition PART THREE. The Age of Monastic and Aristocratic Hegemonies: The Florescence of Tibetan Culture (Thirteenth to Sixteenth Centuries) 10. Elaborating the Narratives of Tibetan Antiquity 11. Historians and Historical Documents of the Thirteenth to Sixteenth Centuries 12. Explorations of Buddhist Doctrine 13. Literary Developments 14. Writings on Death and Dying 15. The Growth of the Arts and Sciences PART FOUR. The Age of Centralization: The Rise of the Ganden Government and the Period of Its Bid for Cultural Hegemony (Seventeenth to Twentieth Centuries) 16. The Beginnings of the Gandenpa School 17. The Fifth Dalai Lama and the Ganden Government 18. Aristocrats 19. Religious and Political Developments in Eastern Tibet 20. Encountering Other Cultures 21. Religious Writers in Amdo and Kham PART FIVE. Expanding Horizons in the Early Twentieth Century 22. Early Twentieth-Century Tibetan Encounters with the West 23. Tibetans Addressing Modern Political Issues Credits For Further Reading Index 06_scha13598_00_toc.doc: viii

... A welcome addition and marks the maturation of Tibetan studies as a discipline. Bulletin of SOAS This volume is a great achievement and a testament to the hard work of its editors and contributors... Students and other readers wishing to obtain an overview of the contemporary field of Tibetan Studies could not do better. -- Sam van Schaik Journal of the American Oriental Society