Wm. Theodore de Bary is John Mitchell Mason Professor Emeritus and Provost Emeritus at Columbia University, and Director of the Heyman Center for the Humanities. He has written extensively on Confucianism in East Asia, and is coeditor of the first edition of Sources of Chinese Tradition, as well as Sources of Japanese Tradition and Sources of Korean Tradition. Richard Lufrano is assistant professor of Chinese history at the College of Staten Island and the author of Honorable Merchants: Commerce and Self-Cultivation in Late Imperial China.

• 5. The Maturation of Chinese Civilization and New Challenges to Chinese Tradition 25: The Chinese Tradition in Retrospect Huang Zongxi's Critique of the Chinese Dynastic System Waiting for the Dawn: A Plan for the Prince On the Prince On Ministership On Law Establishing a Prime Minister Schools The Selection of Scholar-Officials, Part 2 Lo Liuliang's Radical Orthodoxy Commentaries on the Four Books Principle in the Mind-and-Heart Principles, Desires, and Rites The Neo-Confucian Critique of Dynastic Rule Government: From the Top Down or Ground Up? Late Confucian Scholarship: Wang Fuzhi, by Ian MacMorran Cosmological Foundations Wang's "Revision" of Orthodox Neo-Confucianism Historical Trends The Justification of Social and Cultural Divisions The Preservation of Chinese Political and Cultural Integrity Gu Yanwu, Beacon of Qing Scholarship True Learning: Broad Knowledge and a Sense of Shame Preface to Record of the Search for Antiquities On the Concentration of Authority at Court On Bureaucratic Local Administration, ca. 1660, by William Rowe The Han Learning and Text Criticism Dai Zhen and Zhang Xuecheng, by Lynn Strure Dai Zhen's Text-Critical Moral Philosophy, by L. Strure Letter to Shi Zhongming Concerning Scholarship, by L. Strure Letter in Reply to Advanced Scholar Peng Yunchu, by John Ewell Zhang Xuecheng's Philosophy of History, by L. Strure "Virtue in the Historian" "Virtue in the Writer" Women's Learning, by Susan Mann Cui Shu and the Critical Spirit Foreword to the Essentials of the Record of Beliefs Investigated Han Learning and Western Learning The Qing Version of Neo-Confucian Orthodoxy Village Lectures and the Sacred Edict The Sacred Edict 26: Popular Values and Beliefs, by David Johnson Ensemble Performance Ritual A Procession on the Birthday of the Sanzong God The Great Sai Ritual of Zhangzi County, Shanxi The Refining Fire Ritual of Shenze Village, Zhejiang The Attack on Hell, a Popular Funeral Ritual, by John Lagerwey Opera Mulian Rescues His Mother Guo Ju Buries His Son Solo Performances Verse "Woman Huang Explicates the Diamond SItra" "Song of Guo Mountain" Prose Sacred Edict Lecturing Chantefable "The Precious Scroll [Baojuan] on the Lord of the Stove" Written Texts Scriptures "The True Scripture of the Great Emperor" Tracts Selections from The Twenty-four Exemplars of Filial Piety 27: Chinese Responses to Early Christian Contacts, by David Mingello Li Zhizao: Preface to The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven Xu Guangqi: A Memorial in Defense of the [Western] Teaching Yang Guangxian's Critique of Christianity Yang Guangxian: I Cannot Do Otherwise, by Budeyi, John D. Young Zhang Xingyao and the Inculturation of Christianity An Examination of the Similarities and Differences Between the Lord of Heaven Teaching [Christianity] and the Teaching of the Confucian Scholars 28: Chinese Statecraft and the Opening of China to the West Chen Hongmou and Mid-Qing Statecraft, by William Rowe On Substantive Learning On Universal Education On Women's Education On the Duties of an Official On Governance by Local Elites Statecraft in the Grain Trade and Government-Controlled Brokerages, by Pierre-Etienne Will A Memorial on Grain Prices, the Grain Trade, and Government-Controlled Brokerages Hong Liangji: On Imperial Malfeasance and China's Population Problem, by K. C. Liu Letter to Prince Cheng Earnestly Discussing the Political Affairs of the Time, 1799 China's Population Problem The Deterioration of Local Government The Roots of Rebellion Gong Zizhen's Reformist Vision, by K. C. Liu On the Lack of Moral Fiber Among Scholar-Officials Institutional Paralysis and the Need for Reform The Scholar-Teacher and Service to a Dynasty Respect for the Guest Wei Yuan and Confucian Practicality, by K. C. Liu The Learning of Statecraft Wei Yuan: Preface to Anthology of Qing Statecraft Writings, by Huangchao jingshi wenbian Criteria for Anthology of Qing Statecraft Writings Learning and the Role of Scholar-Officials On Governance, by Philip Kuhn The Pursuit of Profit On Institutional Progress in History On Merchants and Reform On Taxation and the Merchants On Reform of the Tribute-Rice Transport System, 1825 On Reform of the Salt Monopoly The Western Intrusion Into China The Lesson of Lin Zexu Letter to the English Ruler Letter to Wu Zixu on the Need for Western Guns and Ships Wei Yuan and the West Preface to Military History of the Qing Dynasty (Shengwujixu), 1842, by K. C. Liu Preface to Illustrated Gazetteer of the Maritime Countries 29: The Heavenly Kingdom of the Taipings The Book of Heavenly Commandments, by Tiantiao shu A Form to Be Observed in Repenting Sins The Ten Heavenly Commandments A Primer in Verse, by Youxue shi Praising God Praising Jesus Christ Praising Parents The Imperial Court The Way of a King The Way of the Minister The Way of the Family Paradise The Taiping Economic Program The Principles of the Heavenly Nature, by Tianqing daolishu 6. Reform and Revolution 30: Moderate Reform and the Self-Strengthening Movement, by K. C. Liu Feng Guifen: On the Manufacture of Foreign Weapons On the Adoption of Western Learning Principle Versus Practicality? The Self-Strengtheners' Rebuttal, 1867 Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang: On Sending Young Men Abroad to Study Xue Fucheng: On Reform Zhang Zhidong: Exhortation to Learn United Hearts The Three Mainstays or Bonds Rectifying Political Rights Following the Proper Order [On Reform] 31: Radical Reform at the End of the Qing Wang Tao on Reform Yan Fu on Evolution and Progress, by Don Price "On Strength" Kang Youwei and the Reform Movement Confucius As a Reformer How Confucius Founded His Teaching in Order to Reform Institutions The Six Classics Were All Written by Confucius to Reform Institutions The Three Ages The Need for Reforming Institutions The Grand Commonality [The Historical Evolution of] Democracy, from Less to More, Presages One World If We Wish to Attain One World of Complete Peace-and-Equality, We Must Abolish the Family The Abolition of Boundaries Conservative Reactions, by Chester Tan Chu Chengbo: Reforming Men's Minds Comes Before Reforming Institutions Zhu Yixin: Fourth Letter in Reply to Kang Youwei Ye Dehui: The Superiority of China and Confucianism, by Tan Sitong The Study of Humanity Reform Edict of January 29, 1901, by Douglas Munay Liang Qichao Renewing the People The Meaning of "Renewing the People" On Public Morality On Progress "The Consciousness of Rights", by Peter Zarrow "The Concept of the Nation", by P. Zarrow Liang Qichao and the New Press, by Joan Judge Inaugural Statement for the Eastern Times, by Shibao, J. Judge Advocates of Script Reform, by Victor Mair Song Shu: Illiteracy in China Lu Zhuangzhang's Attempt at Romanization Shen Xue's Universal Script Wang Zhao's "Mandarin Letters" Zhang Binglin's Revolutionary Nationalism, by P. Zarrow Letter Opposing Kang Youwei's Views on Revolution 32: The Nationalist Revolution Sun Yat-sen and the Nationalist Revolution Hu Hanmin "The Six Principles of the People's Report" 1. Overthrow of the Present Evil Government 2. Establishment of a Republic 3. Land Nationalization Sun Yat-sen The Three People's Principles The Principle of Democracy The People's Livelihood The Three Stages of Revolution Democracy and Absolutism: The Debate Over Political Tutelage Luo Longji: What Kind of Political System Do We Want? Jiang Tingfu: "Revolution and Absolutism" Hu Shi: "National Reconstruction and Absolutism" 1. Is Absolutism a Necessary Stage for National Reconstruction? 2. Why Did Centuries of Absolute Government Fail to Create a National State in China? Chiang Kai-shek: Nationalism and Traditionalism Chiang Kai-shek: Essentials of the New Life Movement The Object of the New Life Movement The Content of the New Life Movement Conclusion China's Destiny Social Effects [of the Unequal Treaties] Moral Effects Psychological Effects The Decisive Factor in China's Destiny Jiang Jingguo (Chiang Ching-kuo): The Republic of China in Taiwan The Evolution of Constitutional Democracy in Taiwan Implementing "The Three People's Principles" 33: The New Culture Movement, by Wing-tsit Chan The Attack on Confucianism Chen Duxiu: "The Way of Confucius and Modern Life" The Literary Revolution Hu Shi: "A Preliminary Discussion of Literary Reform" Chen Duxiu: "On Literary Revolution" Hu Shi: "Constructive Literary Revolution Literature of National Speech" A National Speech of Literary Quality The Doubting of Antiquity Gu Jiegang: Preface to Debates on Ancient History (1926) A New Philosophy of Life Chen Duxiu: The True Meaning of Life Hu Shi: "Pragmatism" The Pragmatism of James The Fundamental Concepts of Dewey's Philosophy The Debate on Science and the Philosophy of Life Zhang Junmai: "The Philosophy of Life" Ding Wenjiang: "Metaphysics and Science" Wu Zhihui: "A New Concept of the Universe and Life Based on a New Belief" Hu Shi: Science and Philosophy of Life The Controversy Over Chinese and Western Cultures Liang Qichao: "Travel Impressions from Europe" Liang Shuming: Chinese Civilization vis-...-vis Eastern and Western Philosophies Reconstructing the Community Hu Shi: Our Attitude Toward Modern Western Civilization Sa Menwu, He Bingsong, and Others: Declaration for Cultural Construction on a Chinese Basis Hu Shi: Criticism of the "Declaration for Cultural Construction on a Chinese Basis" Radical Critiques of Traditional Society, by Peter Zarrow He Zhen: "What Women Should Know About Communism" Women's Revenge Han Yi: "Destroying the Family" 34: The Communist Revolution The Seedbed of the Communist Revolution: The Peasantry and the Anarcho-Communist Movement, by Peter Zarrow Liu Shipei: "Anarchist Revolution and Peasant Revolution" Li Dazhao: The Victory of Bolshevism Mao's Revolutionary Doctrine "Report on an Investigation of the Hunan Peasant Movement" "The Question of Land Redistribution" The Chinese Revolution and the Chinese Communist Party The Mass Line On New Democracy The Dictatorship of the People's Democracy 35: Chinese Communist Praxis Liu Shaoqi: How to Be a Good Communist Mao Zedong: The Rectification Campaign Report of the Propaganda Bureau of the Central Committee on the Zhengfeng Reform Movement, April 1942 Wang Shiwei: "Wild Lily" Liu Shaoqi: On Inner-Party Struggle Mao Zedong: Combat Liberalism Mao Zedong: On Art and Literature Wang Shiwei: "Political Leaders, Artists" Ding Ling: "Thoughts on March 8, 1942" 36: The Mao Regime Establishment of the People's Republic Mao Zedong: "Leaning to One Side" Mao Zedong: "Stalin Is Our Commander" Guo Moruo: Ode to Stalin"Long Live Stalin" on his seventieth birthday 1949, by Chao-ying Fang Ji Yun: "How China Proceeds with the Task of Industrialization" (1953) Li Fuqun: "Report on the First Five-Year Plan for Development of the National Economy of the People's Republic of China in 1953-1957, July 5 and 6, 1955" Changes in Mid-Course Mao Zedong: "The Question of Agricultural Cooperation," July 31, 1955 Mao Zedong: "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People" Liu Binyan: A Higher Kind of Loyalty Intellectual Opinions from the Hundred Flowers Period Mao Zedong: Remarks at the Beidaihe Conference, August 1958 Peng Dehuai: "Letter of Opinion" to Mao Zedong on the Great Leap Forward, July 1959 Wu Han: "Hai Rui Scolds the Emperor," June 19, 1959 The Cultural Revolution The Sixteen Points: Guidelines for the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong "What Have Song Shuo, Lu Ping, and Peng Peiyun Done in the Cultural Revolution?" Red Guard Memoirs Wang Xizhe, Li Zhengtian, Chen Yiyang, Guo Hongzhi: "The Li Yi Zhe Poster," November 1974 7. The Return of Stability and Tradition 37. Deng's "Modernization" and Its Critics, by (R. Lufrano) The Turn to Stability and Modernization Zhou Enlai: "Report on the Work of the Government," delivered on January 13, 1975, at the First Session of the Fourth National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China CommuniquC of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, December 22, 1978 Yu Qiuli: "The Relationship Between Politics and Economics" "Uphold the Four Basic Principles," Speech by Deng Xiaoping, March 30, 1979 "Building Socialist Spiritual Civilization," letter from Li Chang, vice president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, to a member of the Party Central Committee, December 1980 Office of the CCP Dehong Dai Nationality and Qingbo Autonomous Zhou Committee: "Several Questions in Strengthening and Perfecting the Job Responsibility Systems or Agricultural Production," November 7, 1980 Early Critiques of the Deng Regime Publication Statement, Beijing Spring Magazine, January 1979 Wei Jingsheng: The Fifth ModernizationDemocracy, 1978, by (Kristina Torgeson) Democracy or New Dictatorship, Explorations, March 1979 Wall Poster from the April Fifth Forum Hu Ping: "On Freedom of Speech," written for his successful 1980 campaign to become Beijing University's delegate to the Haidian District People's Assembly Wang Ruoshui: "Discussing the Question of Alienation" Wang Ruoshui: "In Defense of Humanism" Assessing the New Policies Deng Xiaoping: "Build Socialism with Chinese Characteristics" Chen Yun: Speech given at the Chinese Communist National Representative Conference, September 23, 1985 New Demands for Change and Democracy Fang Lizhi: Democracy, Reform, and Modernization Fang Lizhi: "Reform and Intellectuals," talk given in 1986 Fang Lizhi: "The Social Responsibility of Today's Intellectuals," speech given at Beijing University, November 4, 1985 Li Xiaojiang: "Awakening of Women's Consciousness" The New Authoritarianism Wu Jiaxiang: "An Outline for Studying the New Authoritarianism," May 1989 Rong Jian: "Does China Need an Authoritarian Political System in the Course of Modernization?" May 1989 Yan Jiaqi: "How China Can Become Prosperous" 38. Twentieth-Century Christianity in China, by Julia Ching Ma Xiangbo Religion and the State, by Ruth Hayhoe Religion and Culture, by R. Hayhoe Zhao Zichen "Present-Day Religious Thought and Life in China" Leadership and Citizenship Training Wu Yaozong "The Present-Day Tragedy of Christianity" "The Reformation of Christianity" The Christian Manifesto Wang Mingdao We, Because of Faith Wu Jingxiong: Christianity and Chinese Tradition "Beyond East and West" "The Lotus and the Mud" 39: Reopening the Debate on Chinese Tradition The New Confucians Xiong Shili, by Tu Weiming Manifesto for a Reappraisal of Sinology and the Reconstruction of Chinese Culture Mou Zongsan's Confucian Philosophy, by John Berthirong The Sensitivity and Steadfastness of Humaneness (ren) Feng Youlan: "Chinan Ancient Nation with a New Mission" The Continuing Critique of Tradition Bo Yang: "The Ugly Chinaman" Sun Longji: "The Deep Structure of Chinese Culture" Su Xiaokang and Wang Luxiang: "River Elegy," a television documentary Li Zehou: "A Reevaluation of Confucianism", by Woeilien Chong Gu Mu: Confucianism as the Essence of Chinese Tradition

If I were asked to recommend only one book for anyone who wishes to know something about Chinese culture, I would name, with a moment of hesitation, this new edition of Sources of Chinese Tradition. -- Ying-shih Yu, Gordon Wu 1958 Professor of Chinese Studies and professor of history, Princeton University

Wm. Theodore de Bary is John Mitchell Mason Professor Emeritus and Provost Emeritus at Columbia University, and Director of the Heyman Center for the Humanities. He has written extensively on Confucianism in East Asia, and is coeditor of the first edition of Sources of Chinese Tradition, as well as Sources of Japanese Tradition and Sources of Korean Tradition. Richard Lufrano is assistant professor of Chinese history at the College of Staten Island and the author of Honorable Merchants: Commerce and Self-Cultivation in Late Imperial China.

• 5. The Maturation of Chinese Civilization and New Challenges to Chinese Tradition 25: The Chinese Tradition in Retrospect Huang Zongxi's Critique of the Chinese Dynastic System Waiting for the Dawn: A Plan for the Prince On the Prince On Ministership On Law Establishing a Prime Minister Schools The Selection of Scholar-Officials, Part 2 Lo Liuliang's Radical Orthodoxy Commentaries on the Four Books Principle in the Mind-and-Heart Principles, Desires, and Rites The Neo-Confucian Critique of Dynastic Rule Government: From the Top Down or Ground Up? Late Confucian Scholarship: Wang Fuzhi, by Ian MacMorran Cosmological Foundations Wang's "Revision" of Orthodox Neo-Confucianism Historical Trends The Justification of Social and Cultural Divisions The Preservation of Chinese Political and Cultural Integrity Gu Yanwu, Beacon of Qing Scholarship True Learning: Broad Knowledge and a Sense of Shame Preface to Record of the Search for Antiquities On the Concentration of Authority at Court On Bureaucratic Local Administration, ca. 1660, by William Rowe The Han Learning and Text Criticism Dai Zhen and Zhang Xuecheng, by Lynn Strure Dai Zhen's Text-Critical Moral Philosophy, by L. Strure Letter to Shi Zhongming Concerning Scholarship, by L. Strure Letter in Reply to Advanced Scholar Peng Yunchu, by John Ewell Zhang Xuecheng's Philosophy of History, by L. Strure "Virtue in the Historian" "Virtue in the Writer" Women's Learning, by Susan Mann Cui Shu and the Critical Spirit Foreword to the Essentials of the Record of Beliefs Investigated Han Learning and Western Learning The Qing Version of Neo-Confucian Orthodoxy Village Lectures and the Sacred Edict The Sacred Edict 26: Popular Values and Beliefs, by David Johnson Ensemble Performance Ritual A Procession on the Birthday of the Sanzong God The Great Sai Ritual of Zhangzi County, Shanxi The Refining Fire Ritual of Shenze Village, Zhejiang The Attack on Hell, a Popular Funeral Ritual, by John Lagerwey Opera Mulian Rescues His Mother Guo Ju Buries His Son Solo Performances Verse "Woman Huang Explicates the Diamond SItra" "Song of Guo Mountain" Prose Sacred Edict Lecturing Chantefable "The Precious Scroll [Baojuan] on the Lord of the Stove" Written Texts Scriptures "The True Scripture of the Great Emperor" Tracts Selections from The Twenty-four Exemplars of Filial Piety 27: Chinese Responses to Early Christian Contacts, by David Mingello Li Zhizao: Preface to The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven Xu Guangqi: A Memorial in Defense of the [Western] Teaching Yang Guangxian's Critique of Christianity Yang Guangxian: I Cannot Do Otherwise, by Budeyi, John D. Young Zhang Xingyao and the Inculturation of Christianity An Examination of the Similarities and Differences Between the Lord of Heaven Teaching [Christianity] and the Teaching of the Confucian Scholars 28: Chinese Statecraft and the Opening of China to the West Chen Hongmou and Mid-Qing Statecraft, by William Rowe On Substantive Learning On Universal Education On Women's Education On the Duties of an Official On Governance by Local Elites Statecraft in the Grain Trade and Government-Controlled Brokerages, by Pierre-Etienne Will A Memorial on Grain Prices, the Grain Trade, and Government-Controlled Brokerages Hong Liangji: On Imperial Malfeasance and China's Population Problem, by K. C. Liu Letter to Prince Cheng Earnestly Discussing the Political Affairs of the Time, 1799 China's Population Problem The Deterioration of Local Government The Roots of Rebellion Gong Zizhen's Reformist Vision, by K. C. Liu On the Lack of Moral Fiber Among Scholar-Officials Institutional Paralysis and the Need for Reform The Scholar-Teacher and Service to a Dynasty Respect for the Guest Wei Yuan and Confucian Practicality, by K. C. Liu The Learning of Statecraft Wei Yuan: Preface to Anthology of Qing Statecraft Writings, by Huangchao jingshi wenbian Criteria for Anthology of Qing Statecraft Writings Learning and the Role of Scholar-Officials On Governance, by Philip Kuhn The Pursuit of Profit On Institutional Progress in History On Merchants and Reform On Taxation and the Merchants On Reform of the Tribute-Rice Transport System, 1825 On Reform of the Salt Monopoly The Western Intrusion Into China The Lesson of Lin Zexu Letter to the English Ruler Letter to Wu Zixu on the Need for Western Guns and Ships Wei Yuan and the West Preface to Military History of the Qing Dynasty (Shengwujixu), 1842, by K. C. Liu Preface to Illustrated Gazetteer of the Maritime Countries 29: The Heavenly Kingdom of the Taipings The Book of Heavenly Commandments, by Tiantiao shu A Form to Be Observed in Repenting Sins The Ten Heavenly Commandments A Primer in Verse, by Youxue shi Praising God Praising Jesus Christ Praising Parents The Imperial Court The Way of a King The Way of the Minister The Way of the Family Paradise The Taiping Economic Program The Principles of the Heavenly Nature, by Tianqing daolishu 6. Reform and Revolution 30: Moderate Reform and the Self-Strengthening Movement, by K. C. Liu Feng Guifen: On the Manufacture of Foreign Weapons On the Adoption of Western Learning Principle Versus Practicality? The Self-Strengtheners' Rebuttal, 1867 Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang: On Sending Young Men Abroad to Study Xue Fucheng: On Reform Zhang Zhidong: Exhortation to Learn United Hearts The Three Mainstays or Bonds Rectifying Political Rights Following the Proper Order [On Reform] 31: Radical Reform at the End of the Qing Wang Tao on Reform Yan Fu on Evolution and Progress, by Don Price "On Strength" Kang Youwei and the Reform Movement Confucius As a Reformer How Confucius Founded His Teaching in Order to Reform Institutions The Six Classics Were All Written by Confucius to Reform Institutions The Three Ages The Need for Reforming Institutions The Grand Commonality [The Historical Evolution of] Democracy, from Less to More, Presages One World If We Wish to Attain One World of Complete Peace-and-Equality, We Must Abolish the Family The Abolition of Boundaries Conservative Reactions, by Chester Tan Chu Chengbo: Reforming Men's Minds Comes Before Reforming Institutions Zhu Yixin: Fourth Letter in Reply to Kang Youwei Ye Dehui: The Superiority of China and Confucianism, by Tan Sitong The Study of Humanity Reform Edict of January 29, 1901, by Douglas Munay Liang Qichao Renewing the People The Meaning of "Renewing the People" On Public Morality On Progress "The Consciousness of Rights", by Peter Zarrow "The Concept of the Nation", by P. Zarrow Liang Qichao and the New Press, by Joan Judge Inaugural Statement for the Eastern Times, by Shibao, J. Judge Advocates of Script Reform, by Victor Mair Song Shu: Illiteracy in China Lu Zhuangzhang's Attempt at Romanization Shen Xue's Universal Script Wang Zhao's "Mandarin Letters" Zhang Binglin's Revolutionary Nationalism, by P. Zarrow Letter Opposing Kang Youwei's Views on Revolution 32: The Nationalist Revolution Sun Yat-sen and the Nationalist Revolution Hu Hanmin "The Six Principles of the People's Report" 1. Overthrow of the Present Evil Government 2. Establishment of a Republic 3. Land Nationalization Sun Yat-sen The Three People's Principles The Principle of Democracy The People's Livelihood The Three Stages of Revolution Democracy and Absolutism: The Debate Over Political Tutelage Luo Longji: What Kind of Political System Do We Want? Jiang Tingfu: "Revolution and Absolutism" Hu Shi: "National Reconstruction and Absolutism" 1. Is Absolutism a Necessary Stage for National Reconstruction? 2. Why Did Centuries of Absolute Government Fail to Create a National State in China? Chiang Kai-shek: Nationalism and Traditionalism Chiang Kai-shek: Essentials of the New Life Movement The Object of the New Life Movement The Content of the New Life Movement Conclusion China's Destiny Social Effects [of the Unequal Treaties] Moral Effects Psychological Effects The Decisive Factor in China's Destiny Jiang Jingguo (Chiang Ching-kuo): The Republic of China in Taiwan The Evolution of Constitutional Democracy in Taiwan Implementing "The Three People's Principles" 33: The New Culture Movement, by Wing-tsit Chan The Attack on Confucianism Chen Duxiu: "The Way of Confucius and Modern Life" The Literary Revolution Hu Shi: "A Preliminary Discussion of Literary Reform" Chen Duxiu: "On Literary Revolution" Hu Shi: "Constructive Literary Revolution Literature of National Speech" A National Speech of Literary Quality The Doubting of Antiquity Gu Jiegang: Preface to Debates on Ancient History (1926) A New Philosophy of Life Chen Duxiu: The True Meaning of Life Hu Shi: "Pragmatism" The Pragmatism of James The Fundamental Concepts of Dewey's Philosophy The Debate on Science and the Philosophy of Life Zhang Junmai: "The Philosophy of Life" Ding Wenjiang: "Metaphysics and Science" Wu Zhihui: "A New Concept of the Universe and Life Based on a New Belief" Hu Shi: Science and Philosophy of Life The Controversy Over Chinese and Western Cultures Liang Qichao: "Travel Impressions from Europe" Liang Shuming: Chinese Civilization vis-...-vis Eastern and Western Philosophies Reconstructing the Community Hu Shi: Our Attitude Toward Modern Western Civilization Sa Menwu, He Bingsong, and Others: Declaration for Cultural Construction on a Chinese Basis Hu Shi: Criticism of the "Declaration for Cultural Construction on a Chinese Basis" Radical Critiques of Traditional Society, by Peter Zarrow He Zhen: "What Women Should Know About Communism" Women's Revenge Han Yi: "Destroying the Family" 34: The Communist Revolution The Seedbed of the Communist Revolution: The Peasantry and the Anarcho-Communist Movement, by Peter Zarrow Liu Shipei: "Anarchist Revolution and Peasant Revolution" Li Dazhao: The Victory of Bolshevism Mao's Revolutionary Doctrine "Report on an Investigation of the Hunan Peasant Movement" "The Question of Land Redistribution" The Chinese Revolution and the Chinese Communist Party The Mass Line On New Democracy The Dictatorship of the People's Democracy 35: Chinese Communist Praxis Liu Shaoqi: How to Be a Good Communist Mao Zedong: The Rectification Campaign Report of the Propaganda Bureau of the Central Committee on the Zhengfeng Reform Movement, April 1942 Wang Shiwei: "Wild Lily" Liu Shaoqi: On Inner-Party Struggle Mao Zedong: Combat Liberalism Mao Zedong: On Art and Literature Wang Shiwei: "Political Leaders, Artists" Ding Ling: "Thoughts on March 8, 1942" 36: The Mao Regime Establishment of the People's Republic Mao Zedong: "Leaning to One Side" Mao Zedong: "Stalin Is Our Commander" Guo Moruo: Ode to Stalin"Long Live Stalin" on his seventieth birthday 1949, by Chao-ying Fang Ji Yun: "How China Proceeds with the Task of Industrialization" (1953) Li Fuqun: "Report on the First Five-Year Plan for Development of the National Economy of the People's Republic of China in 1953-1957, July 5 and 6, 1955" Changes in Mid-Course Mao Zedong: "The Question of Agricultural Cooperation," July 31, 1955 Mao Zedong: "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People" Liu Binyan: A Higher Kind of Loyalty Intellectual Opinions from the Hundred Flowers Period Mao Zedong: Remarks at the Beidaihe Conference, August 1958 Peng Dehuai: "Letter of Opinion" to Mao Zedong on the Great Leap Forward, July 1959 Wu Han: "Hai Rui Scolds the Emperor," June 19, 1959 The Cultural Revolution The Sixteen Points: Guidelines for the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong "What Have Song Shuo, Lu Ping, and Peng Peiyun Done in the Cultural Revolution?" Red Guard Memoirs Wang Xizhe, Li Zhengtian, Chen Yiyang, Guo Hongzhi: "The Li Yi Zhe Poster," November 1974 7. The Return of Stability and Tradition 37. Deng's "Modernization" and Its Critics, by (R. Lufrano) The Turn to Stability and Modernization Zhou Enlai: "Report on the Work of the Government," delivered on January 13, 1975, at the First Session of the Fourth National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China CommuniquC of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, December 22, 1978 Yu Qiuli: "The Relationship Between Politics and Economics" "Uphold the Four Basic Principles," Speech by Deng Xiaoping, March 30, 1979 "Building Socialist Spiritual Civilization," letter from Li Chang, vice president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, to a member of the Party Central Committee, December 1980 Office of the CCP Dehong Dai Nationality and Qingbo Autonomous Zhou Committee: "Several Questions in Strengthening and Perfecting the Job Responsibility Systems or Agricultural Production," November 7, 1980 Early Critiques of the Deng Regime Publication Statement, Beijing Spring Magazine, January 1979 Wei Jingsheng: The Fifth ModernizationDemocracy, 1978, by (Kristina Torgeson) Democracy or New Dictatorship, Explorations, March 1979 Wall Poster from the April Fifth Forum Hu Ping: "On Freedom of Speech," written for his successful 1980 campaign to become Beijing University's delegate to the Haidian District People's Assembly Wang Ruoshui: "Discussing the Question of Alienation" Wang Ruoshui: "In Defense of Humanism" Assessing the New Policies Deng Xiaoping: "Build Socialism with Chinese Characteristics" Chen Yun: Speech given at the Chinese Communist National Representative Conference, September 23, 1985 New Demands for Change and Democracy Fang Lizhi: Democracy, Reform, and Modernization Fang Lizhi: "Reform and Intellectuals," talk given in 1986 Fang Lizhi: "The Social Responsibility of Today's Intellectuals," speech given at Beijing University, November 4, 1985 Li Xiaojiang: "Awakening of Women's Consciousness" The New Authoritarianism Wu Jiaxiang: "An Outline for Studying the New Authoritarianism," May 1989 Rong Jian: "Does China Need an Authoritarian Political System in the Course of Modernization?" May 1989 Yan Jiaqi: "How China Can Become Prosperous" 38. Twentieth-Century Christianity in China, by Julia Ching Ma Xiangbo Religion and the State, by Ruth Hayhoe Religion and Culture, by R. Hayhoe Zhao Zichen "Present-Day Religious Thought and Life in China" Leadership and Citizenship Training Wu Yaozong "The Present-Day Tragedy of Christianity" "The Reformation of Christianity" The Christian Manifesto Wang Mingdao We, Because of Faith Wu Jingxiong: Christianity and Chinese Tradition "Beyond East and West" "The Lotus and the Mud" 39: Reopening the Debate on Chinese Tradition The New Confucians Xiong Shili, by Tu Weiming Manifesto for a Reappraisal of Sinology and the Reconstruction of Chinese Culture Mou Zongsan's Confucian Philosophy, by John Berthirong The Sensitivity and Steadfastness of Humaneness (ren) Feng Youlan: "Chinan Ancient Nation with a New Mission" The Continuing Critique of Tradition Bo Yang: "The Ugly Chinaman" Sun Longji: "The Deep Structure of Chinese Culture" Su Xiaokang and Wang Luxiang: "River Elegy," a television documentary Li Zehou: "A Reevaluation of Confucianism", by Woeilien Chong Gu Mu: Confucianism as the Essence of Chinese Tradition

If I were asked to recommend only one book for anyone who wishes to know something about Chinese culture, I would name, with a moment of hesitation, this new edition of Sources of Chinese Tradition. -- Ying-shih Yu, Gordon Wu 1958 Professor of Chinese Studies and professor of history, Princeton University

Wm. Theodore de Bary is John Mitchell Mason Professor Emeritus and Provost Emeritus at Columbia University, and Director of the Heyman Center for the Humanities. He has written extensively on Confucianism in East Asia, and is coeditor of the first edition of Sources of Chinese Tradition, as well as Sources of Japanese Tradition and Sources of Korean Tradition. Richard Lufrano is assistant professor of Chinese history at the College of Staten Island and the author of Honorable Merchants: Commerce and Self-Cultivation in Late Imperial China.

• 5. The Maturation of Chinese Civilization and New Challenges to Chinese Tradition 25: The Chinese Tradition in Retrospect Huang Zongxi's Critique of the Chinese Dynastic System Waiting for the Dawn: A Plan for the Prince On the Prince On Ministership On Law Establishing a Prime Minister Schools The Selection of Scholar-Officials, Part 2 Lo Liuliang's Radical Orthodoxy Commentaries on the Four Books Principle in the Mind-and-Heart Principles, Desires, and Rites The Neo-Confucian Critique of Dynastic Rule Government: From the Top Down or Ground Up? Late Confucian Scholarship: Wang Fuzhi, by Ian MacMorran Cosmological Foundations Wang's "Revision" of Orthodox Neo-Confucianism Historical Trends The Justification of Social and Cultural Divisions The Preservation of Chinese Political and Cultural Integrity Gu Yanwu, Beacon of Qing Scholarship True Learning: Broad Knowledge and a Sense of Shame Preface to Record of the Search for Antiquities On the Concentration of Authority at Court On Bureaucratic Local Administration, ca. 1660, by William Rowe The Han Learning and Text Criticism Dai Zhen and Zhang Xuecheng, by Lynn Strure Dai Zhen's Text-Critical Moral Philosophy, by L. Strure Letter to Shi Zhongming Concerning Scholarship, by L. Strure Letter in Reply to Advanced Scholar Peng Yunchu, by John Ewell Zhang Xuecheng's Philosophy of History, by L. Strure "Virtue in the Historian" "Virtue in the Writer" Women's Learning, by Susan Mann Cui Shu and the Critical Spirit Foreword to the Essentials of the Record of Beliefs Investigated Han Learning and Western Learning The Qing Version of Neo-Confucian Orthodoxy Village Lectures and the Sacred Edict The Sacred Edict 26: Popular Values and Beliefs, by David Johnson Ensemble Performance Ritual A Procession on the Birthday of the Sanzong God The Great Sai Ritual of Zhangzi County, Shanxi The Refining Fire Ritual of Shenze Village, Zhejiang The Attack on Hell, a Popular Funeral Ritual, by John Lagerwey Opera Mulian Rescues His Mother Guo Ju Buries His Son Solo Performances Verse "Woman Huang Explicates the Diamond SItra" "Song of Guo Mountain" Prose Sacred Edict Lecturing Chantefable "The Precious Scroll [Baojuan] on the Lord of the Stove" Written Texts Scriptures "The True Scripture of the Great Emperor" Tracts Selections from The Twenty-four Exemplars of Filial Piety 27: Chinese Responses to Early Christian Contacts, by David Mingello Li Zhizao: Preface to The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven Xu Guangqi: A Memorial in Defense of the [Western] Teaching Yang Guangxian's Critique of Christianity Yang Guangxian: I Cannot Do Otherwise, by Budeyi, John D. Young Zhang Xingyao and the Inculturation of Christianity An Examination of the Similarities and Differences Between the Lord of Heaven Teaching [Christianity] and the Teaching of the Confucian Scholars 28: Chinese Statecraft and the Opening of China to the West Chen Hongmou and Mid-Qing Statecraft, by William Rowe On Substantive Learning On Universal Education On Women's Education On the Duties of an Official On Governance by Local Elites Statecraft in the Grain Trade and Government-Controlled Brokerages, by Pierre-Etienne Will A Memorial on Grain Prices, the Grain Trade, and Government-Controlled Brokerages Hong Liangji: On Imperial Malfeasance and China's Population Problem, by K. C. Liu Letter to Prince Cheng Earnestly Discussing the Political Affairs of the Time, 1799 China's Population Problem The Deterioration of Local Government The Roots of Rebellion Gong Zizhen's Reformist Vision, by K. C. Liu On the Lack of Moral Fiber Among Scholar-Officials Institutional Paralysis and the Need for Reform The Scholar-Teacher and Service to a Dynasty Respect for the Guest Wei Yuan and Confucian Practicality, by K. C. Liu The Learning of Statecraft Wei Yuan: Preface to Anthology of Qing Statecraft Writings, by Huangchao jingshi wenbian Criteria for Anthology of Qing Statecraft Writings Learning and the Role of Scholar-Officials On Governance, by Philip Kuhn The Pursuit of Profit On Institutional Progress in History On Merchants and Reform On Taxation and the Merchants On Reform of the Tribute-Rice Transport System, 1825 On Reform of the Salt Monopoly The Western Intrusion Into China The Lesson of Lin Zexu Letter to the English Ruler Letter to Wu Zixu on the Need for Western Guns and Ships Wei Yuan and the West Preface to Military History of the Qing Dynasty (Shengwujixu), 1842, by K. C. Liu Preface to Illustrated Gazetteer of the Maritime Countries 29: The Heavenly Kingdom of the Taipings The Book of Heavenly Commandments, by Tiantiao shu A Form to Be Observed in Repenting Sins The Ten Heavenly Commandments A Primer in Verse, by Youxue shi Praising God Praising Jesus Christ Praising Parents The Imperial Court The Way of a King The Way of the Minister The Way of the Family Paradise The Taiping Economic Program The Principles of the Heavenly Nature, by Tianqing daolishu 6. Reform and Revolution 30: Moderate Reform and the Self-Strengthening Movement, by K. C. Liu Feng Guifen: On the Manufacture of Foreign Weapons On the Adoption of Western Learning Principle Versus Practicality? The Self-Strengtheners' Rebuttal, 1867 Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang: On Sending Young Men Abroad to Study Xue Fucheng: On Reform Zhang Zhidong: Exhortation to Learn United Hearts The Three Mainstays or Bonds Rectifying Political Rights Following the Proper Order [On Reform] 31: Radical Reform at the End of the Qing Wang Tao on Reform Yan Fu on Evolution and Progress, by Don Price "On Strength" Kang Youwei and the Reform Movement Confucius As a Reformer How Confucius Founded His Teaching in Order to Reform Institutions The Six Classics Were All Written by Confucius to Reform Institutions The Three Ages The Need for Reforming Institutions The Grand Commonality [The Historical Evolution of] Democracy, from Less to More, Presages One World If We Wish to Attain One World of Complete Peace-and-Equality, We Must Abolish the Family The Abolition of Boundaries Conservative Reactions, by Chester Tan Chu Chengbo: Reforming Men's Minds Comes Before Reforming Institutions Zhu Yixin: Fourth Letter in Reply to Kang Youwei Ye Dehui: The Superiority of China and Confucianism, by Tan Sitong The Study of Humanity Reform Edict of January 29, 1901, by Douglas Munay Liang Qichao Renewing the People The Meaning of "Renewing the People" On Public Morality On Progress "The Consciousness of Rights", by Peter Zarrow "The Concept of the Nation", by P. Zarrow Liang Qichao and the New Press, by Joan Judge Inaugural Statement for the Eastern Times, by Shibao, J. Judge Advocates of Script Reform, by Victor Mair Song Shu: Illiteracy in China Lu Zhuangzhang's Attempt at Romanization Shen Xue's Universal Script Wang Zhao's "Mandarin Letters" Zhang Binglin's Revolutionary Nationalism, by P. Zarrow Letter Opposing Kang Youwei's Views on Revolution 32: The Nationalist Revolution Sun Yat-sen and the Nationalist Revolution Hu Hanmin "The Six Principles of the People's Report" 1. Overthrow of the Present Evil Government 2. Establishment of a Republic 3. Land Nationalization Sun Yat-sen The Three People's Principles The Principle of Democracy The People's Livelihood The Three Stages of Revolution Democracy and Absolutism: The Debate Over Political Tutelage Luo Longji: What Kind of Political System Do We Want? Jiang Tingfu: "Revolution and Absolutism" Hu Shi: "National Reconstruction and Absolutism" 1. Is Absolutism a Necessary Stage for National Reconstruction? 2. Why Did Centuries of Absolute Government Fail to Create a National State in China? Chiang Kai-shek: Nationalism and Traditionalism Chiang Kai-shek: Essentials of the New Life Movement The Object of the New Life Movement The Content of the New Life Movement Conclusion China's Destiny Social Effects [of the Unequal Treaties] Moral Effects Psychological Effects The Decisive Factor in China's Destiny Jiang Jingguo (Chiang Ching-kuo): The Republic of China in Taiwan The Evolution of Constitutional Democracy in Taiwan Implementing "The Three People's Principles" 33: The New Culture Movement, by Wing-tsit Chan The Attack on Confucianism Chen Duxiu: "The Way of Confucius and Modern Life" The Literary Revolution Hu Shi: "A Preliminary Discussion of Literary Reform" Chen Duxiu: "On Literary Revolution" Hu Shi: "Constructive Literary Revolution Literature of National Speech" A National Speech of Literary Quality The Doubting of Antiquity Gu Jiegang: Preface to Debates on Ancient History (1926) A New Philosophy of Life Chen Duxiu: The True Meaning of Life Hu Shi: "Pragmatism" The Pragmatism of James The Fundamental Concepts of Dewey's Philosophy The Debate on Science and the Philosophy of Life Zhang Junmai: "The Philosophy of Life" Ding Wenjiang: "Metaphysics and Science" Wu Zhihui: "A New Concept of the Universe and Life Based on a New Belief" Hu Shi: Science and Philosophy of Life The Controversy Over Chinese and Western Cultures Liang Qichao: "Travel Impressions from Europe" Liang Shuming: Chinese Civilization vis-...-vis Eastern and Western Philosophies Reconstructing the Community Hu Shi: Our Attitude Toward Modern Western Civilization Sa Menwu, He Bingsong, and Others: Declaration for Cultural Construction on a Chinese Basis Hu Shi: Criticism of the "Declaration for Cultural Construction on a Chinese Basis" Radical Critiques of Traditional Society, by Peter Zarrow He Zhen: "What Women Should Know About Communism" Women's Revenge Han Yi: "Destroying the Family" 34: The Communist Revolution The Seedbed of the Communist Revolution: The Peasantry and the Anarcho-Communist Movement, by Peter Zarrow Liu Shipei: "Anarchist Revolution and Peasant Revolution" Li Dazhao: The Victory of Bolshevism Mao's Revolutionary Doctrine "Report on an Investigation of the Hunan Peasant Movement" "The Question of Land Redistribution" The Chinese Revolution and the Chinese Communist Party The Mass Line On New Democracy The Dictatorship of the People's Democracy 35: Chinese Communist Praxis Liu Shaoqi: How to Be a Good Communist Mao Zedong: The Rectification Campaign Report of the Propaganda Bureau of the Central Committee on the Zhengfeng Reform Movement, April 1942 Wang Shiwei: "Wild Lily" Liu Shaoqi: On Inner-Party Struggle Mao Zedong: Combat Liberalism Mao Zedong: On Art and Literature Wang Shiwei: "Political Leaders, Artists" Ding Ling: "Thoughts on March 8, 1942" 36: The Mao Regime Establishment of the People's Republic Mao Zedong: "Leaning to One Side" Mao Zedong: "Stalin Is Our Commander" Guo Moruo: Ode to Stalin"Long Live Stalin" on his seventieth birthday 1949, by Chao-ying Fang Ji Yun: "How China Proceeds with the Task of Industrialization" (1953) Li Fuqun: "Report on the First Five-Year Plan for Development of the National Economy of the People's Republic of China in 1953-1957, July 5 and 6, 1955" Changes in Mid-Course Mao Zedong: "The Question of Agricultural Cooperation," July 31, 1955 Mao Zedong: "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People" Liu Binyan: A Higher Kind of Loyalty Intellectual Opinions from the Hundred Flowers Period Mao Zedong: Remarks at the Beidaihe Conference, August 1958 Peng Dehuai: "Letter of Opinion" to Mao Zedong on the Great Leap Forward, July 1959 Wu Han: "Hai Rui Scolds the Emperor," June 19, 1959 The Cultural Revolution The Sixteen Points: Guidelines for the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong "What Have Song Shuo, Lu Ping, and Peng Peiyun Done in the Cultural Revolution?" Red Guard Memoirs Wang Xizhe, Li Zhengtian, Chen Yiyang, Guo Hongzhi: "The Li Yi Zhe Poster," November 1974 7. The Return of Stability and Tradition 37. Deng's "Modernization" and Its Critics, by (R. Lufrano) The Turn to Stability and Modernization Zhou Enlai: "Report on the Work of the Government," delivered on January 13, 1975, at the First Session of the Fourth National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China CommuniquC of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, December 22, 1978 Yu Qiuli: "The Relationship Between Politics and Economics" "Uphold the Four Basic Principles," Speech by Deng Xiaoping, March 30, 1979 "Building Socialist Spiritual Civilization," letter from Li Chang, vice president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, to a member of the Party Central Committee, December 1980 Office of the CCP Dehong Dai Nationality and Qingbo Autonomous Zhou Committee: "Several Questions in Strengthening and Perfecting the Job Responsibility Systems or Agricultural Production," November 7, 1980 Early Critiques of the Deng Regime Publication Statement, Beijing Spring Magazine, January 1979 Wei Jingsheng: The Fifth ModernizationDemocracy, 1978, by (Kristina Torgeson) Democracy or New Dictatorship, Explorations, March 1979 Wall Poster from the April Fifth Forum Hu Ping: "On Freedom of Speech," written for his successful 1980 campaign to become Beijing University's delegate to the Haidian District People's Assembly Wang Ruoshui: "Discussing the Question of Alienation" Wang Ruoshui: "In Defense of Humanism" Assessing the New Policies Deng Xiaoping: "Build Socialism with Chinese Characteristics" Chen Yun: Speech given at the Chinese Communist National Representative Conference, September 23, 1985 New Demands for Change and Democracy Fang Lizhi: Democracy, Reform, and Modernization Fang Lizhi: "Reform and Intellectuals," talk given in 1986 Fang Lizhi: "The Social Responsibility of Today's Intellectuals," speech given at Beijing University, November 4, 1985 Li Xiaojiang: "Awakening of Women's Consciousness" The New Authoritarianism Wu Jiaxiang: "An Outline for Studying the New Authoritarianism," May 1989 Rong Jian: "Does China Need an Authoritarian Political System in the Course of Modernization?" May 1989 Yan Jiaqi: "How China Can Become Prosperous" 38. Twentieth-Century Christianity in China, by Julia Ching Ma Xiangbo Religion and the State, by Ruth Hayhoe Religion and Culture, by R. Hayhoe Zhao Zichen "Present-Day Religious Thought and Life in China" Leadership and Citizenship Training Wu Yaozong "The Present-Day Tragedy of Christianity" "The Reformation of Christianity" The Christian Manifesto Wang Mingdao We, Because of Faith Wu Jingxiong: Christianity and Chinese Tradition "Beyond East and West" "The Lotus and the Mud" 39: Reopening the Debate on Chinese Tradition The New Confucians Xiong Shili, by Tu Weiming Manifesto for a Reappraisal of Sinology and the Reconstruction of Chinese Culture Mou Zongsan's Confucian Philosophy, by John Berthirong The Sensitivity and Steadfastness of Humaneness (ren) Feng Youlan: "Chinan Ancient Nation with a New Mission" The Continuing Critique of Tradition Bo Yang: "The Ugly Chinaman" Sun Longji: "The Deep Structure of Chinese Culture" Su Xiaokang and Wang Luxiang: "River Elegy," a television documentary Li Zehou: "A Reevaluation of Confucianism", by Woeilien Chong Gu Mu: Confucianism as the Essence of Chinese Tradition

If I were asked to recommend only one book for anyone who wishes to know something about Chinese culture, I would name, with a moment of hesitation, this new edition of Sources of Chinese Tradition. -- Ying-shih Yu, Gordon Wu 1958 Professor of Chinese Studies and professor of history, Princeton University