Soft Materials-Based Biosensing Medical Applications

Deepak Gupta, PhD, is an assistant professor in the School of Basic and Applied Sciences at Galgotias University, India. He has two patents to his credit, has published more than nine research papers, and has attended and organized more than 20 national and international conferences and workshops. His areas of interest include liquid crystals, molecular electronics, soft matter computation, and computational chemistry. Milan Singh, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Physics, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, with more than six years of research experience. She has published 12 articles in international journals of repute. Her areas of interest include energy storage devices, supercapacitors, Li-ion batteries, nanoscience, nanotechnology, nanofibers, and nanocomposites. Rishabha Malviya, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, with over 12 years of research experience. He has authored more than 150 research papers for national and international journals of repute, edited twelve books, and has been granted 15 patents, with 40 more under evaluation. He also serves as an editorial board member for more than 40 journals. His areas of interest include formulation optimization, nanoformulation, targeted drug delivery, artificial intelligence in healthcare, localized drug delivery, and natural polymers as pharmaceutical excipients. Sonali Sundram, PhD, is a researcher in Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India. She has worked as a research scientist at King George’s Medical University, Lucknow. Her PhD (Pharmacy) work was in the area of neurodegeneration and nanoformulation and her area of interest is neurodegeneration, clinical research, and artificial intelligence. She has authored/edited more than 30 books and has more than eight patents national and international in her credit.

• Foreword xviiPreface xix1 Introduction to Soft Materials 1Athul Satya and Ayon BhattacharjeeList of Abbreviations 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Brief Introduction to Theories of Soft Matter 21.3 Classification of Soft Materials 31.4 Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Materials 111.5 Characteristics of Soft Matter 121.6 Summary 22References 222 Synthesizing Soft Materials: Lab to an Industrial Approach 25Varsha Jain, Tarang Gupta and Madhusudan MaityList of Abbreviations 262.1 Introduction 272.2 Soft Condensed Matter 282.3 Synthesis of Smart Functional LCs 382.4 Conclusions 66References 673 Liquid Crystal as a Potential Biosensing Material 81Athul Satya, Tayssir Missaoui, Gurumurthy Hegde and Ayon BhattacharjeeList of Abbreviations 813.1 Introduction 823.2 Classification of LC Biosensor 843.3 LC-Microfluidic Biosensor 903.4 Electric Field-Assisted Signal Amplified LC Biosensor 933.5 LC-Based Whispering Gallery Mode Microcavity Biosensing 933.6 LC Biosensors Using Different Sensing Targets 943.7 Summary 98References 984 Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Emulsions for Biosensing 103Buchaiah Gollapelli and Jayalakshmi VallamkonduList of Abbreviations 1034.1 Introduction 1044.2 Fabrication of LC Emulsions 1144.3 CLCs in Biosensor Applications 1184.4 Challenges and Opportunities 1244.5 Conclusions 124References 1255 Design and Study of Ionic Hydrogel Strain Sensors for Biomedical Applications 131Aanchal SaxenaList of Abbreviations 1315.1 Introduction 1315.2 Applications in Biomedicine 1335.3 Hydrogels 1355.4 Hardware 1375.5 Characteristics of the Hydrogel 1395.6 Limitations 1395.7 Conclusions and Further Study 139Acknowledgments 139References 1406 Colloidal Nanoparticles as Potential Optical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers 145Karthika Lakshmi Servarayan, Maziah Mohd Ghazaly, Manickam Sundarapandi, Jagathiswary Ganasan, Kavin Tamilselvan, Syahidatun Nisak Amir, Nur Arisya Farazuana Dzulkifli, Noor Fatin Shabira Mohd Azli, Rameshkumar Santhanam and Vasantha Vairathevar SivasamyList of Abbreviations 1456.1 Introduction 1466.2 Cancer Biomarkers 1496.3 Colloidal NP–Based Optical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers 1506.4 Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Perspectives 1576.5 Conclusions 158Acknowledgment 159References 1597 Polymeric Composite Soft Materials for Anticancer Drug Delivery and Detection 165Thangarasu Mohanraj, Thavasilingam Nagendraraj, Jamespandi Annaraj and Vairathevar Sivasamy VasanthaList of Abbreviations 1667.1 Introduction 1687.2 Polymer Composite Soft Material–Based Anticancer Drug Delivery 1767.3 Polymer Composite Soft Material–Based Sensors for Anticancer Drug Detection 1847.4 Discussion 1997.5 Conclusion 206Acknowledgment 206References 2068 Nanotechnology-Doped Soft Material–Based Biosensors 217Smriti Ojha, Ankita Moharana, Gowri Shankar Chintapalli, Shivendra Mani Tripathi and Sudhanshu MishraList of Abbreviations 2188.1 Introduction 2188.2 The Principle Behind Doped Soft Nanomaterial–Based Biosensor 2198.3 Classification of Soft Materials 2218.4 Physical and Chemical Behavior of Soft Material 2248.5 Synthesis of Soft Nanomaterial–Based Biosensor 2258.6 Application of Nano-Based Biosensor 2278.7 Emerging Trends and Future Directions in Nanotechnology-Doped Soft Material–Based Biosensors 2278.8 Challenges and Limitations 2288.9 Conclusion 228References 2299 Cancer Cell Biomarker Exosomes are Detected by Biosensors Based on Soft Materials 233Subha Ranjan Das9.1 Introduction 2339.2 Exosome Biogenesis, Isolation, and Study of Exosome Composition 2359.3 Exosome Profiling 2379.4 Exosomes Produced by Cancer: Clinical Evaluation 2399.5 Important Biosensor-Related Components 2429.6 Soft Material–Based Biosensors are a Recent Development in Cancer Cell Biomarker Exosome Detection 2459.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 261References 26310 Natural-Product-Based Soft Materials in Electrochemical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers 275Shunmuga Nainar Shunmuga Nathan, Wan Iryani Wan Ismail, Piraman Shakkthivel, Vairathevar Sivasamy Vasantha and Mathew MathewList of Abbreviations 27610.1 Introduction 27810.2 Biopolymer Composite-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers 28110.3 Protein/Amino Acid-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers 28710.4 Opportunities, Future Recommendations, and Challenges 29310.5 Conclusions 30310.6 Acknowledgments 303References 30311 Recent Advances and Development in 3D Printable Biosensors 311Lata Sheo Bachan Upadhyay and Pratistha BhagatList of Abbreviations 31211.1 Introduction 31311.2 3D Printable Biosensors Based on Technology 31711.3 3D Printable Biosensors Based on Product Type 32611.4 3D Printable Biosensors Based on Medical Applications 32911.5 3D Printable Biosensors Based on Sensor Types 33211.6 Conclusion 334References 33512 Computational Panorama of Soft Material for Biosensing Applications 341Deepak Kajla, Dinesh Kumar Sharma and Amit MittalAbbreviations 34112.1 Introduction 34312.2 Computational Application of Soft Gel Biosensing Techniques in Microfluids 34912.3 Computational Panorama of Soft Hydrogel Technique in Diagnostics 35012.4 Computational Landscaping of Spectroscopy-Based Biosensors and Their Applications 35412.5 Use of Wearable Biosensors in Computation for Treatment, Diagnosis, and Medical Monitoring 35712.6 Computational Panorama of Optical Biosensor 35912.7 Computational Applications of Hydrogel-Based Sensor Networks 36012.8 Hydrogel-Based Self-Supporting Materials with Computational Panorama for Flexible/Stretchable Sensors 36112.9 Waterborne Pathogen Detection Using Biosensors and Molecular Techniques 36212.10 Applications of Biomimetic Electrochemical Devices in Detecting 36212.11 The Latest Developments in Hydrogels for Sensing Applications 36312.12 Novel Aerial Image of Dissolving Microneedles Used for Transdermal Medicine Delivery 36312.13 Making Use of Potentiometric Biosensors to Find Biomarkers 36412.14 Biosensor Framework Enabled by Multiphoton Effects and Machine Learning 36412.15 Conclusion 365References 36613 Soft Materials for Implantable Biosensors for Humans 369Periyasamy Ananthappan, Karuppathevan Ramki, Jayalakshmi Mariakuttikan, Fatimah binti Hashim and Vairathevar Sivasamy VasanthaList of Abbreviations 36913.1 Introduction 37213.2 Nature of Implantable Materials 37313.3 Importance of Soft Materials in the Field of Implantable Biosensors 37313.4 Types of Soft Materials 37713.5 Factors Influencing the Implantable Biosensors 38213.6 Applications of Soft Materials for Implantable Biosensors in Humans 38613.7 Challenges for Soft Materials for Implantable Biosensors 40813.8 Recommendation 41113.9 Conclusions 412Acknowledgments 412References 41214 Treatment of Diabetic Patients with Functionalized Biomaterials 423Jyotsna PriyamList of Abbreviations 42314.1 Background and Introduction 42414.2 Mechanism of Insulin Release in Diabetes Mellitus 42514.3 Relationship Between Diabetic Complications and Glycation Process 42614.4 Biomaterials and Their Surface Functionalization 42814.5 Surface Functionalization of Biomaterials Using Surface Modification Technologies 42914.6 Biomaterials with Natural Polymer Bases to Treat Diabetes 43014.7 Biomaterials Based on Chitosan for the Treatment of Diabetes 43214.8 Synthetic Polymer-Based Biomaterials for the Treatment of Diabetes 43214.9 Hydrogel-Based Adaptable Biomaterials for Managing and Treating Diabetes 43414.10 Topical Gel-Based Biomaterials for Diabetic Foot Ulcer Therapy 43414.11 Creating Immunomodulatory Biomaterials to Treat Diabetes 43514.12 Using Functionalized Biomaterials in Diabetic Wound Management 43714.13 Applications of Functionalized Biomaterials for Diabetes Mellitus-Related Tissue Engineering 44114.14 Conclusion and Future Scope 442Acknowledgments 442References 44215 Treatment and Detection of Oral Cancer Using Biosensors: Advances and Prospective 449Shatrudhan Prajapati, Rishabha Malviya and Priyanshi GoyalList of Abbreviations 44915.1 Introduction 45015.2 Therapeutic Value of Mouth Liquids as a Bio Medium 45715.3 Salivary Metabolomics 45915.4 Electrochemical Biosensors 45915.5 Biosensors on a Nanoscale 46115.6 Conclusions 461References 46216 Environmental Aspect of Soft Material: Journey of Sustainable and Cost-Effective Biosensors from Lab to Industry 467Harshita Rana, Pratichi Singh, Ashish Kumar Agrahari and Shikha YadavList of Abbreviations 46816.1 Introduction 46916.2 Soft Materials 46916.3 Environmental Impact 47216.4 Biosensors 47416.5 Applications of Biosensors in Several Disciplines 47816.6 Advancement in Biosensors 48216.7 Fluorescent Tag Biosensors 48316.8 Plasmonic Fiber Optic Biosensors 48516.9 Conclusion 486References 487Index 493