Social Stratification

Michelle Jackson is Associate Professor of Sociology at Stanford University. In her most recent book, The Division of Rationalized Labor, she examines changes in the division of labor in the United States over the past 150 years.Nima Dahir is Assistant Professor of Sociology at the Ohio State University as well as Faculty Affiliate with the Institute for Population Research and the Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity. Her research explores how Blackness and immigration relate to neighborhood choice and change in American cities.Claire Daviss is Assistant Professor of Organizational Behavior at the School of Industrial and Labor Relations and Sociology, by courtesy, at Cornell University, by courtesy, at Cornell University. Her research draws on large-scale administrative datasets and online survey experiments to advance organizational and interactional theories of labor market inequality.David B. Grusky is Professor of Sociology and Faculty Director of the Center on Poverty and Inequality at Stanford University. His research aims to build new and better ways of describing, monitoring, and reducing inequality.

• Introduction1. The March of InequalityDavid B. Grusky, Nima Dahir, Claire Daviss, and Michelle Jackson2. The Laws of InequalityDavid B. Grusky, Nima Dahir, Claire Daviss, and Michelle JacksonPart I. Inequality in Comparative Perspective3. Varieties of Capitalism and InequalityPeter A. Hall 4. State Socialism and AfterAndrew G. Walder Part II. Forces of History Behind InequalityCapitalism and Power5. The Communist ManifestoKarl Marx 6. A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy: PrefaceKarl Marx7. Class Conflict in the Capitalist World EconomyImmanuel Wallerstein8. Marxism and the Negro ProblemW.E.B. Du Bois 9. The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism: Towards a More Progressive UnionHeidi Hartmann10. The Global Democratic Recession and the Future of DemocracyLarry Diamond11. The Loss SocietyMichelle Jackson and David B. Grusky Rationalization-Based Theories of History12. RationalizationMax Weber13. The Roots of Stratification in Global Cultural IndividualismEvan Schofer and John W. Meyer14. Rationalized StratificationMarion Fourcade and Kieran HealyDivision of Labor15. Of the Division of LabourAdam Smith16. Mechanical and Organic SolidarityÉmile Durkheim17. The Paradox of SpecializationMichelle Jackson 18. Rebalancing AIDaron Acemoğlu and Simon JohnsonRace19. The Conservation of RacesW.E.B. Du Bois20. Racial Formation in the United StatesMichael Omi and Howard Winant21. Assimilation Theory for an Era of Unprecedented DiversityRichard Alba and Victor Nee22. The Declining Significance of Race: Revisited and RevisedWilliam Julius Wilson23. The Immigrant EnclaveAlejandro Portes and Robert D. Manning24. How Replenishment Strengthens Racial and Ethnic BoundariesTomás R. Jiménez25. The Structure of Racism in Color-Blind, “Post-Racial” AmericaEduardo Bonilla-Silva26. American Indian Ethnic Renewal: Politics and the Resurgence of IdentityJoane Nagel27. The Current State of Native American InequalityBeth RedbirdGender28. Women and Capitalism: Dialectics of Oppression and LiberationAngela Y. Davis29. Problems of Women’s LiberationHe Zhen30. The Quiet RevolutionClaudia Goldin31. The Social Construction and Institutionalization of Gender and RaceEvelyn Nakano Glenn32. The Gender Revolution: Uneven and StalledPaula England33. The Persistence of Gender InequalityCecilia Ridgeway Part III. Normative Theories of Inequality34. Principles of JusticeJohn Rawls35. Distributive JusticeRobert Nozick36. From Income Inequality to Economic InequalityAmartya K. Sen37. Capabilities as Fundamental EntitlementsMartha C. Nussbaum38. Equality and ResponsibilityJohn E. Roemer39. EqualityRonald Dworkin40. What is the Point of Equality?Elizabeth S. Anderson 41. The Logic of Effective AltruismPeter Singer Part IV. Income and Wealth InequalityIncome Inequality42. Economic Growth and Income InequalitySimon Kuznets43. Global Income InequalityLucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, and Gabriel Zucman44. The Evolution of Top Incomes in the United StatesEmmanuel Saez45. (Some) Inequality Is Good For YouRichard B. Freeman46. Rising Economic Inequality: Is It a Problem and What Are Its Causes?Robert H. Frank47. The Race Between Education and TechnologyClaudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz48. Top Down or Bottom Up? Education vs. Income Concentration as Drivers of InequalityDavid Autor49. Winner-Take-All Politics: Public Policy, Political Organization, and the Precipitous Rise of Top Incomes in the United StatesJacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson 50. CEO Compensation Drives Top-End Income and Wage Inequality and Reflects RentsLawrence Mishel, Jori Kandra and Josh Bivens 51. Unions and Inequality Over the Twentieth CenturyHenry S. Farber, Daniel Herbst, Ilyana Kuziemko, and Suresh Naidu52. Minimum Wages and the Distribution of Family IncomesArindrajit Dube53. Rapid Wage Growth at the Bottom Has Offset Rising US InequalityClem Aeppli and Nathan Wilmers54. Firming Up InequalityDavid J. Price, Fatih Guvenen, and Nicholas BloomWealth Inequality55. Global Wealth InequalityLucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, and Gabriel Zucman 56. Exploding Wealth Inequality in the United StatesEmmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman57. Capital in the Twenty-First CenturyThomas Piketty 58. Wealth Of Two Nations: The U.S. Racial Wealth Gap, 1860–2020Ellora Derenoncourt, Chi Hyun Kim, Moritz Kuhn, and Moritz Schularick Part V. ClassConflict Theories of Class59. Classes in Capitalism and Pre-CapitalismKarl Marx 60. Alienation and Social ClassesKarl Marx 61. Ideology and ClassKarl Marx62. A General Framework for the Analysis of Class StructureErik Olin Wright 63. The Forms of CapitalPierre BourdieuInstitutional Theories of Class64. Class, Status, PartyMax Weber65. Status Groups and ClassesMax Weber66. Marxism and Class Theory: A Bourgeois CritiqueFrank Parkin67. Class Analysis in Modern Societies: Theoretical Basis and Empirical ApplicationErzsébet Bukodi and John H. Goldthorpe Cultural and Lifestyle Models of Class68. The Division of Labor in SocietyÉmile Durkheim69. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of TastePierre Bourdieu70. Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family LifeAnnette Lareau71. A Wide-Angle Lens on the Psychology of Social ClassHazel Rose Markus and Susan T. FiskeGradationalism72. Income and Wealth as Salient Gradational Aspects of StratificationDavid Brady 73. Occupational Status and Prestige as Multidimensional ConstructsWenhao JiangPart VI. Race and EthnicityIdentity74. The Souls of Black Folk: Of Our Spiritual StrivingsW.E.B. Du Bois 75. Racial Identity DevelopmentKristen A. Renn76. Black Advantage Vision: A New Paradigm for Racial Stratification ResearchMary Pattillo 77. White Identity Politics: How White Racial Solidarity Shapes Contemporary PoliticsAshley Jardina 78. Optional Ethnicities: For Whites Only?Mary C. Waters Intergroup Relations79. Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group PositionHerbert Blumer 80. A Theory of Ethnic Antagonism: The Split Labor MarketEdna Bonacich81. How Established Populations Adjust to ImmigrantsTomás R. Jiménez82. From Bi-Racial to Tri-Racial: Towards a New System of Racial Stratification in the USAEduardo Bonilla-Silva83. Racial Classification and Inequality in the United StatesAriela Schachter, René D. Flores, and Neda Maghbouleh84. The Making and Unmaking of Ethnic Boundaries: A Multilevel Process TheoryAndreas Wimmer Discrimination and Attitudes85. An Economic Theory of DiscriminationGary S. Becker86. Are Emily and Greg More Employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market DiscriminationMarianne Bertrand and Sendhil Mullainathan 87. Meta-Analysis of Field Experiments Shows No Change in Racial Discrimination in Hiring Over TimeLincoln Quillian, Devah Pager, Ole Hexel, and Arnfinn Midtbøen 88. Everyday Discrimination: Defined, Measured, and ContextualizedFaith Deckard, Bridget J. Goosby, Philip Schwadel, and Jacob E. Cheadle 89. Stereotype Threat and African-American Student AchievementClaude Steele 90. Racial Bias in Clinical and Population Health AlgorithmsMadison Coots, Kristin A. Linn, Sharad Goel, Amol S. Navathe, and Ravi B. ParikhCulture91. Cultural Explanations for Racial and Ethnic Stratification in Academic Achievement: A Call for a New and Improved TheoryNatasha Warikoo and Prudence Carter92. It’s Not “a Black Thing”: Understanding the Burden of Acting White and Other Dilemmas of High AchievementKarolyn Tyson, William Darity, Jr., and Domini R. Castellino93. Explaining Asian American Academic AchievementAmy Hsin and Yu Xie 94. Assessing What is Cultural About Asian Americans' Academic AdvantageMin Zhou and Jennifer LeePart VII. GenderTheories95. Gender as a Social StructureSeth A. Behrends and Barbara J. Risman96. IntersectionalityKimberlé Crenshaw97. Why Race, Class, and Gender MatterMargaret L. Andersen and Patricia Hill Collins98. The Intersectional Effects of Race and Gender in Social RelationsCecilia L. Ridgeway99. Hybrid Masculinities: Theorizing Intersectional Shifts in Gendered Power and InequalityTristan Bridges and C.J. Pascoe100. Doing Gender, Determining Gender: Transgender People, Gender Panics, and the Maintenance of the Sex/Gender/Sexuality SystemLaurel Westbrook and Kristen Schilt101. Trans KidsTey Meadow102. Measurement Matters: Sex and Gender in SurveysAliya Saperstein and Laurel WestbrookFamily103. Getting a Job: Is There a Motherhood Penalty?Shelley J. Correll, Stephen Benard, and In Paik104. Greedy WorkClaudia Goldin105. Can We Finish the Revolution? Gender, Work-Family Ideals, and Institutional ConstraintDavid S. Pedulla and Sarah Thébaud106. Shifting Burden of Carework: The Hidden Cost of Paid ChildcareMary Romero107. Inequality and Power in Families Headed by Two MomsMignon R. Moore108. Social Science and Marriage EqualityMichael J. RosenfeldLabor Force and Employment109. U.S. Female Labor Force Participation: Falling Behind Other CountriesFrancine D. Blau and Lawrence M. Kahn110. From Opt Out to Blocked Out: The Challenges for Labor Market Re-entry after Family-Related Employment LapsesKatherine Weisshaar111. Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of ‘Blind’ Auditions on Female MusiciansClaudia Goldin and Cecilia Rouse112. Do Openly Gay Men Experience Employment Discrimination?András TilcsikGender Wage Gap113. About Those 79 CentsAdia Harvey Wingfield114. The Sources of the Gender Pay Gap: An Economics PerspectiveFrancine D. Blau and Lawrence M. Kahn115. Does an Occupation’s Percent Female Affect How Much it Pays? An Update on the Devaluation ThesisPaula England and Felix Busch116. A Gender Agenda: A Progress Report on CompetitivenessMuriel Niederle117. Overwork and the Slow Convergence in the Gender Gap in WagesYoungjoo Cha and Kim A. WeedenOccupational Gender Segregation118. Trends in Occupational Gender SegregationKim A. Weeden119. Who’s a “Good Fit"? Segregation, Stereotypes, and STEMSarah Thébaud and Maria Charles 120. The Passion Principle and the Reproduction of Occupational Gender SegregationErin A. Cech121. Gendered Organizations in the New EconomyChristine L. Williams, Chandra Muller, and Kristine Kilanski122. Breaking the Glass Ceiling? The Effect of Board Quotas on Female Labour Market Outcomes in NorwayMarianne Bertrand, Sandra E. Black, Sissel Jensen, and Adriana Lleras-MuneySexual Violence123. Inequality and Sexual ViolenceMiriam Gleckman-Krut, Lanora Johnson, and Elizabeth A. Armstrong124. Sexual Harassment in the #MeToo EraHeather McLaughlin and Christopher UggenPart VIII. Elites125. The Ruling ClassGaetano Mosca126. The Power EliteC. Wright Mills127. The Class-Dominance Theory of Power in the United StatesG. William Domhoff128. China's Evolving OligarchyAndrew G. Walder129. The Future of Intellectuals and the Rise of the New ClassAlvin W. Gouldner130. Privilege: The Making of an Adolescent EliteShamus Rahman Khan131. The Anxieties of AffluenceRachel ShermanPart IX. PovertyDescribing Poverty132. The Evolution of Global Poverty, 1990–2030Homi Kharas and Meagan Dooley133. The Economic Lives of the PoorAbhijit V. Banerjee and Esther Duflo134. Poverty Across the Nation: Intersections of Geography, Race, and EthnicityJuan M. Pedroza, Marybeth J. Mattingly, Linda M. Burton, and Whitney Welsh135. Extreme Poverty Among Households with Children Since the 1996 Welfare LawH. Luke Shaefer and Kathryn Edin136. Income Volatility, Risk, and the Role of the Safety NetBradley L. HardyExplaining Poverty137. Understanding Prosperity and Poverty: Geography, Institutions, and the Reversal of FortuneDaron Acemoğlu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson138. Institutions Matter, But Not for EverythingJeffrey D. Sachs139. Family Complexity, Poverty, and Social Stratification in the 21st CenturyLaura Tach140. Reconsidering Culture and PovertyMario L. Small, David J. Harding, and Michèle Lamont 141. Does Immigration Hurt Poor Americans?Giovanni Peri142. EvictedMatthew Desmond143. Stressing out the PoorGary W. Evans, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, and Pamela Kato Klebanov144. Some Consequences of Having Too LittleAnuj K. Shah, Sendhil Mullainathan, Eldar Shafir145. Poverty, by AmericaMatthew DesmondThe Welfare System146. How Rich Countries Lift Up the PoorLane Kenworthy147. Taxing the Poor: How Some States Make Poverty WorseRourke O’Brien and Katherine Newman148. Administrative Burden as a Mechanism of Inequality in Policy ImplementationPamela Herd, Hilary Hoynes, Jamila Michener, and Donald MoynihanPart X. Neighborhoods and SegregationThe Structure of Spatial Inequality149. American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the UnderclassDouglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton150. Segregation and Poverty Concentration: The Role of Three SegregationsLincoln Quillian151. What Would a New Kerner Commission Conclude Today?Paul A. Jargowsky152. Black Picket Fences: Privilege and Peril among the Black Middle ClassMary Pattillo153. Inequality Need Not Be Destiny: Public Policy, Race, and Generational Trends in HomeownershipChristopher Famighetti and Darrick Hamilton154. Income Inequality and Income SegregationSean Reardon and Kendra Bischoff155. The Changing Geography of Poverty in Metropolitan AmericaScott W. AllardThe Causes of Spatial Inequality156. The Spatial Foundations of Stratification in the United StatesDouglas S. Massey157. Building Inequality: How the Housing Landscape Creates SegregationAnn Owens158. Networks, Neighborhood Searches, and the Social Processes of SegregationKyle Crowder and Maria Krysan159. What the Segregation Framework MissesMary PattilloNeighborhood and Segregation Effects160. Neighborhood as a Key Dimension of Urban InequalityRobert J. Sampson161. The Impacts of Neighborhoods on Intergenerational MobilityRaj Chetty and Nathan Hendren 162. Falling Violence and Rising OpportunityPatrick Sharkey163. Systematic Social Observation at Scale for Understanding Mechanisms of InequalityJackelyn HwangPart XI. Inequality, Law, and PunishmentDiscipline and Policing164. Discipline and PunishMichel Foucault165. Three Decades of Constructing Immigrants as CriminalsCecilia Menjívar and Andrea Gómez Cervantes166. School Punishment and the Reproduction of Inequality in EducationEdward W. Morris and Brea L. Perry167. Empirical Approaches to Identify Systemic Discrimination in PolicingAlex Chohlas-Wood, Marissa Gerchick, Sharad Goel, Aziz Huq, Amy Shoemaker, Ravi Shroff, and Keniel Yao168. Language from Police Body Camera Footage Shows Racial Disparities in Officer RespectRob Voigt, Nicholas P. Camp, Vinodkumar Prabhakaran, William L. Hamilton, Rebecca C. Hetey, Camilla M. Griffiths, David Jurgens, Dan Jurafsky, and Jennifer L. Eberhardt169. Down, Out, and Under Arrest: Policing and Everyday Life in Skid RowForrest Stuart 170. Big Data Surveillance: The Case of PolicingSarah Brayne171. Human Decisions vs Machine Predictions: Large-Scale Analysis of Bail Decision-MakingJon Kleinberg, Himabindu Lakkaraju, Jure Leskovec, Jens Ludwig, and Sendhil MullainathanIncarceration172. On Judicial Politics and Sentencing DecisionsAlma Cohen and Crystal S. Yang 173. Incarceration and Social InequalityBruce Western and Becky Pettit174. A “Sea Change”? Continued Racial Disparities in Experiences with the U.S. Criminal Justice SystemBruce Western and Jessica Simes175. Monetary Sanctions as a Pound of FleshAlexes Harris176. Marked: Race, Crime, and Finding Work in an Era of Mass IncarcerationDevah Pager177. Felony Disenfranchisement and Political Inequality in the 21st CenturyJeff Manza and Kevin MorrisPart XII. EducationTheory178. Schools, Skills, and SynapsesJames J. Heckman179. Cultural Reproduction and Social ReproductionPierre Bourdieu180. Explaining Educational DifferentialsRichard Breen and John H. GoldthorpePrimary and Secondary Schooling181. The Widening Academic Achievement Gap Between the Rich and the PoorSean F. Reardon182. The Long-Run Impacts of School DesegregationRucker C. Johnson183. The Effect of Charter Schools on School SegregationTomás Monarrez, Brian Kisida, and Matthew Chingos184. Does School Spending Matter?C. Kirabo Jackson, Rucker C. Johnson, and Claudia Persico185. Tracking in Schools and Social InequalityEmily Penner, Andrew Penner, Paul Hanselman, and Thurston DominaCollege186. Nonpersistent Inequality in Educational AttainmentRichard Breen, Ruud Luijkx, Walter Müller and Reinhard Pollak187. A Century of Educational Inequality in the United StatesMichelle Jackson and Brian Holzman188. Diversifying Society’s Leaders? The Determinants and Consequences of Admission to Highly Selective CollegesRaj Chetty, David J. Deming, and John N. Friedman189. The Privileged PoorAnthony Abraham Jack190. The Coded Language of For-Profit CollegesTressie McMillan Cottom191. Who Should Pay? Public Opinion on the Funding of Higher EducationNatasha Quadlin and Brian PowellReturns192. Does College Still Have Equalizing Effects?Florencia Torche193. Income Segregation and Intergenerational Mobility Across Colleges in the United StatesRaj Chetty, John N. Friedman, Emmanuel Saez, Nicholas Turner, and Danny Yagan194. Heterogeneous Effects of College on Reducing PovertyJennie E. Brand195. Paying for the PartyLaura Hamilton and Elizabeth A. Armstrong196. The Invisible Syllabus: How Mobile Apps Erode Human CapitalPanle Jia Barwick, Siyu Chen, Chao Fu, and Teng LiPart XIII. Labor Market InstitutionsLabor Force Participation197. The Strength of the Labor Market Matters: Disparities and Trends in Labor Force Participation, 1979–2024Elise Gould198. Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace AutomationDavid H. Autor199. How the China Trade Shock Impacted U.S. Manufacturing Workers and Labor MarketsDavid H. Autor, David Dorn and Gordon HansonNew Types of Work200. The Great Risk ShiftJacob S. Hacker201. The Rise of Precarious WorkArne L. Kalleberg202. Remote Work’s Growth GiftNicholas Bloom203. More and More Companies Have Monopoly Power Over Workers' Wages. That’s Killing the EconomySuresh Naidu, Eric Posner, and Glen Weyl204. “Alt Labor” Organizing Among Precarious WorkersRuth MilkmanNetworks and Matching205. The Strength of Weak TiesMark S. Granovetter206. A Causal Test of the Strength of Weak TiesKarthik Rajkumar, Guillaume Saint-Jacques, Iavor Bojinov, Erik Brynjolfsson, Sinan Aral207. Social Capital and Economic MobilityRaj Chetty, Matthew O. Jackson, Theresa Kuchler, Johannes Stroebel, Abigail Hiller, Sarah Oppenheimer, and The Opportunity Insights Team208. Cultural Matching in HiringLauren A. Rivera209. Race and Networks in the Job Search ProcessDavid S. Pedulla and Devah Pager210. Race and the Enduring Effects of Labor Market Networks on Careers in the WorkplaceAdina SterlingPart XIV. Who Gets Ahead?Theory and Measurement211. An Equilibrium Theory of the Distribution of Income and Intergenerational MobilityGary S. Becker and Nigel Tomes212. Intergenerational MobilityNeil A. Cholli and Steven N. Durlauf213. Status Attainment ProcessesArchibald O. Haller and Alejandro Portes214. A Refined Model of Occupational MobilityDavid L. Featherman and Robert M. Hauser215. Microclass MobilityJan O. Jonsson, David B. Grusky, Matthew Di Carlo, and Reinhard Pollak216. Linked Lives, Linked Trajectories: Intergenerational Association of Intragenerational Income MobilitySiwei Cheng and Xi SongTrends and Mechanisms217. Class Origins, Education, and Class Destinations in the 20th CenturyRichard Breen218. Long-Term Decline in Intergenerational Mobility in the United States since the 1850sXi Song, Catherine G. Massey, Karen A. Rolf, Joseph P. Ferrie, Jonathan L. Rothbaum, and Yu Xie219. Trends in Social Mobility in Postrevolution ChinaYu Xie, Hao Dong, Xiang Zhou, and Xi Song220. The Fading American Dream: Trends in Absolute Income Mobility Since 1940Raj Chetty, David B. Grusky, Maximilian Hell, Nathaniel Hendren, Robert Manduca, and Jimmy Narang221. Americans’ Occupational Status Reflects the Status of Both of Their ParentsMichael Hout222. Intergenerational Mobility of Immigrants in the U.S, over Two CenturiesRan Abramitzky, Leah Boustan, Elisa Jácome, and Santiago Pérez223. Changing Opportunity: How Changes in Children’s Social Environments Have Increased Class Gaps and Reduced Racial Gaps in Economic MobilityThe Opportunity Insights Team224. Income Inequality and Intergenerational Income Persistence in the United StatesDeirdre Bloome225. A Register-Based Study of Early-Life Disabilities and Income Attainment in AdulthoodAlexi Gugushvili, Jon Erik Finnvold, Therese Dokken, and Jan GruePart XV. Inequality’s Broad ReachEnvironment226. The Economics of WelfareArthur Cecil Pigou227. Climate Changes InequalityAnkit Bhardwaj and Eric Klinenberg228. Global Carbon InequalityLucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, and Gabriel Zucman229. Intergenerational Inequities in Exposure to Climate ExtremesWim Thiery, Stefan Lange, Joeri Rogelj, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner, Lukas Gudmundsson, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Marina Andrijevic et al.230. Enhancing Diversity and Justice in Environmental Institutions in Times of ChaosDorceta E. TaylorHealth231. Health Inequalities and the Psychosocial Environment: Two Scientific ChallengesJohannes Siegrist and Michael Marmot232. The Fundamentals of CausalityKaren Lutfey and Jeremy Freese233. Race and Ethnic Variation in College Students’ Allostatic Regulation of Racism-Related StressJacob E. Cheadle, Bridget J. Goosby, and K.J. Davidson-Turner234. The Association Between Income and Life Expectancy in the United States, 2001–2014Raj Chetty, Michael Stepner, Sarah Abraham, Shelby Lin, Benjamin Scuderi, Nicholas Turner, Augustin Bergeron, and David Cutler235. Health Inequality and Deaths of DespairAnne Case and Angus DeatonPolitics236. Globalism Against DemocracyWolfgang Streeck237. Globalization, Inequality and PopulismDani Rodrik238. What's the Matter with Kansas?Thomas Frank239. The Deep StoryArlie Russell Hochschild240. Money in PoliticsJacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson241. Class Realignment and Gender in U.S. Presidential Voting, 1972–2016Michael HoutSocial Movements242. Movements Making NoiseFrances Fox Piven243. Movements Against InequalityFrancesca Polletta and Edwin Amenta 244. The Longue Durée of Black Lives MatterAlondra Nelson245. Talking About It and Being About It: Differences by Race in the Perception of Policing and ProtestsCorey D. Fields, Rahsaan Mahadeo, Lisa Hummel, and Sara MoorePart XVI. What Can be Done?246. Predistribution: Markets Cannot Do the Work of GoverningHeather Boushey and Somin Park 247. Redistribution Through Taxes and TransfersRobert H. Frank 248. Public Goods and Services Make Life Better, and Less UnequalLane Kenworthy 249. Building a House on Sinking GroundAnne Price, Fenaba Addo, and William Darity Jr.250. The U.S. Drags Its Feet on Addressing Gender InequalityShelley J. Correll and Marianne Cooper 251. The Problem of OtheringJohn A. Powell and Stephen Menendian