Social Network Analysis with Applications

IAN McCULLOH, PhD, holds academic appointments at several institutions to include Curtin University Business School. He consults industry to increase collaboration in knowledge-intensive organizations and educates military intelligence professionals to more ethically and effectively target enemy networks. He has supported the U.S. Military with network analysis to include service in Afghanistan and Iraq.HELEN ARMSTRONG, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the School of Information Systems at Curtin University in Perth, Australia. She has more than twenty years' experience teaching and conducting research in ICT network security, analyses of networks and systems, information systems strategy, and management and problem solving in business environments. She works closely with industry in the application of network analyses for business problem solving and risk analyses.ANTHONY JOHNSON, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Mathematical Sciences at the United States Military Academy at West Point. He has served in a variety of positions ranging from Fiber Optic Cable Network Engineer for the White House Communications Agency to the Chief of Counter Improvised Explosive Device (CIED) Operations in Iraq where he applied linear algebra and graph theory to exploit terrorist networks.

• List of Figures xiList of Tables xvForeword xviiPreface xixAcknowledgments xxiIntroduction xxvPart I Network BasicsChapter 1 What is a Network? 31.1 Basic Network Concepts 41.2 Adjacency Matrices, Graphs, and Notation 41.3 Nodes and Links 61.4 Good Will Hunting Problem 91.5 Formal and Informal Networks 131.6 Summary 18Chapter 2 Centrality Measures 292.1 What is “Centrality” and Why do we Study It? 292.2 Calculating Nodal Centrality Measures 332.3 Directed Networks and Centrality Measures 462.4 Location in the Network 462.5 Summary 52Chapter 3 Graph Level Measures 693.1 Density 703.2 Diameter 713.3 Centralization 733.4 Average Centralities 773.5 Network Topology 783.6 Summary 86Part II Social TheoryChapter 4 Social Links 1094.1 Individual Actors 1104.2 Social Exchange Theory 1114.3 Social Forces 1134.4 Graph Structure 1204.5 Agent Optimization Strategies in Networks 1214.6 Hierarchy of Social Link Motivation 1244.7 SummaryChapter 5 Subgroup Analysis 1295.1 Subgroups 1295.2 Organizational Theory 1305.3 Random Groups 1335.4 Heuristics for Subgroup Identification 1335.5 Analysis Methods 1355.6 Summary 143Chapter 6 Diffusion and Influence 1496.1 Applications for Social Diffusion 1496.2 Strain Theory 1516.3 Social Context 1526.4 Group Impacts on Diffusion 1566.5 Network Structure and Diffusion 1586.6 Group Influence Strategies and Bases of Power 1606.7 Summary 165Part III DataChapter 7 Meta-Networks and Relational Algebra 1737.1 Modes of Data 1747.2 Source, Target, Direction 1747.3 Mulitmode Networks 1767.4 Bridging a Meta-Network 1807.5 Strength of Ties 1827.6 Summary 183Chapter 8 Sources of Data 1898.1 Network Sampling 1898.2 Measuring Links 1918.3 Data Quality 1958.4 Additional Ethnographic Data Collection Methods 1968.5 Anonymity Issues 1988.6 Summary 199Part IV Organizational RiskChapter 9 Organizational Risk 2059.1 What is risk? 2059.2 Measures of Centrality and Risk 2079.3 Other Risk Measures 2169.4 The Right Network: Efficient Versus Learning/Adaptive 2209.5 Network Threats and Vulnerabilities 2239.6 Thickening a Network 2269.7 Thinning a Network 2279.8 Process of Organizational Risk Analysis 2289.9 Summary of Main Points 231Appendix A: Matrix Algebra Primer 235Appendix B: Tables of Data and Networks 241Appendix C: Five Points of a Graph 273Index 281