Christopher Lloyd is Emeritus Professor of Economic History at the University of New England, Australia, was Guest Professor at the Finnish Centre of Excellence in Historical Research at the University of Tampere, Finland, and is now an adjunct professor in Social Science History at the University of Helsinki. His current interests include the history of democratic socialist regimes.Matti Hannikainen is Senior Researcher in the Finnish Labour Archives and an adjunct professor in Economic and Social History at the University of Helsinki. His current interests include the history of the Social Democratic Party in Finland. Hannikainen has also studied economic crises and the welfare state, especially the history of the Finnish pension scheme.

• 1. From Social Fragmentation to Peace: Humanness, States, Modernization, and Welfare Christopher Lloyd2. The General Crisis in 1890s Australia and the Long-term Effects of the ‘State Experiments’ Response Tim Battin and Christopher Lloyd3. Nordic Development Paths Towards the Welfare State Jari Eloranta, Jari Ojala, Oriol Sabaté Domingo4. A Strong State Creates a Welfare State Susanna Fellman (with Riitta Hjerppe and Reino Hjeppe)5. The Making of the Welfare State in Finland: Central and Local Government Perspectives Matti Hannikainen, Jarmo Peltola, Sakari Heikkinen6. Decades of Disagreement: Rise of the Co-ordinated Welfare State in The Netherlands in the 19th and 20th Centuries Jeroen Touwen7. The Politics of Economic Policy Coordination and the Making of the Coordination State in Austria Johanna Rainio-Niemi8. The German Welfare State Between Path Dependency, Federalism and Political Shocks, 1880-2000 Marcel Boldorf9. A Difficult Consensus: The Making of the Spanish Welfare State Sergio Espuelas 10. A Difficult Transition Path: The South African State and Nation Building, 1950 – 2015 Grietjie Verhoef11. The Evolution of the Welfare State in Korea from a Republican Perspective: From Development to Integration Huck-yu Kwon 12. Singapore HO Chi Tim13. Real and Imagined Threats to the Welfare State Peter Lindert14. Concluding Chapter: Future Transitions and the Lessons of History Christopher Lloyd and Matti Hannikainen

Christopher Lloyd is Emeritus Professor of Economic History at the University of New England, Australia, was Guest Professor at the Finnish Centre of Excellence in Historical Research at the University of Tampere, Finland, and is now an adjunct professor in Social Science History at the University of Helsinki. His current interests include the history of democratic socialist regimes.Matti Hannikainen is Senior Researcher in the Finnish Labour Archives and an adjunct professor in Economic and Social History at the University of Helsinki. His current interests include the history of the Social Democratic Party in Finland. Hannikainen has also studied economic crises and the welfare state, especially the history of the Finnish pension scheme.

• 1. From Social Fragmentation to Peace: Humanness, States, Modernization, and Welfare Christopher Lloyd2. The General Crisis in 1890s Australia and the Long-term Effects of the ‘State Experiments’ Response Tim Battin and Christopher Lloyd3. Nordic Development Paths Towards the Welfare State Jari Eloranta, Jari Ojala, Oriol Sabaté Domingo4. A Strong State Creates a Welfare State Susanna Fellman (with Riitta Hjerppe and Reino Hjeppe)5. The Making of the Welfare State in Finland: Central and Local Government Perspectives Matti Hannikainen, Jarmo Peltola, Sakari Heikkinen6. Decades of Disagreement: Rise of the Co-ordinated Welfare State in The Netherlands in the 19th and 20th Centuries Jeroen Touwen7. The Politics of Economic Policy Coordination and the Making of the Coordination State in Austria Johanna Rainio-Niemi8. The German Welfare State Between Path Dependency, Federalism and Political Shocks, 1880-2000 Marcel Boldorf9. A Difficult Consensus: The Making of the Spanish Welfare State Sergio Espuelas 10. A Difficult Transition Path: The South African State and Nation Building, 1950 – 2015 Grietjie Verhoef11. The Evolution of the Welfare State in Korea from a Republican Perspective: From Development to Integration Huck-yu Kwon 12. Singapore HO Chi Tim13. Real and Imagined Threats to the Welfare State Peter Lindert14. Concluding Chapter: Future Transitions and the Lessons of History Christopher Lloyd and Matti Hannikainen

Christopher Lloyd is Emeritus Professor of Economic History at the University of New England, Australia, was Guest Professor at the Finnish Centre of Excellence in Historical Research at the University of Tampere, Finland, and is now an adjunct professor in Social Science History at the University of Helsinki. His current interests include the history of democratic socialist regimes.Matti Hannikainen is Senior Researcher in the Finnish Labour Archives and an adjunct professor in Economic and Social History at the University of Helsinki. His current interests include the history of the Social Democratic Party in Finland. Hannikainen has also studied economic crises and the welfare state, especially the history of the Finnish pension scheme.

• 1. From Social Fragmentation to Peace: Humanness, States, Modernization, and Welfare Christopher Lloyd2. The General Crisis in 1890s Australia and the Long-term Effects of the ‘State Experiments’ Response Tim Battin and Christopher Lloyd3. Nordic Development Paths Towards the Welfare State Jari Eloranta, Jari Ojala, Oriol Sabaté Domingo4. A Strong State Creates a Welfare State Susanna Fellman (with Riitta Hjerppe and Reino Hjeppe)5. The Making of the Welfare State in Finland: Central and Local Government Perspectives Matti Hannikainen, Jarmo Peltola, Sakari Heikkinen6. Decades of Disagreement: Rise of the Co-ordinated Welfare State in The Netherlands in the 19th and 20th Centuries Jeroen Touwen7. The Politics of Economic Policy Coordination and the Making of the Coordination State in Austria Johanna Rainio-Niemi8. The German Welfare State Between Path Dependency, Federalism and Political Shocks, 1880-2000 Marcel Boldorf9. A Difficult Consensus: The Making of the Spanish Welfare State Sergio Espuelas 10. A Difficult Transition Path: The South African State and Nation Building, 1950 – 2015 Grietjie Verhoef11. The Evolution of the Welfare State in Korea from a Republican Perspective: From Development to Integration Huck-yu Kwon 12. Singapore HO Chi Tim13. Real and Imagined Threats to the Welfare State Peter Lindert14. Concluding Chapter: Future Transitions and the Lessons of History Christopher Lloyd and Matti Hannikainen