DAVID A. LLOYD OWEN is the managing director of Envisager Limited. He advises governments, multilateral institutions and financiers on water policy, especially in relating to sustainability, economics and regulation. He has written eight books on water management and markets.

• Introduction xiii1 What do we Mean by ‘Smart Water?’ 1Introduction 11.1 Defining ‘Smart’ 11.1.1 ‘Smart’ and Utilities and Public Services 11.1.2 Smart Consumer Goods 11.2 ‘Smart Power’ and ‘Smart Grids’ 21.2.1 Smart Grids 21.3 Cleantech and Smart Cleantech 31.3.1 Smart Cleantech 41.4 Smart Water 41.4.1 Smart Water and the Flow of Information 51.4.1.1 Monitoring and Data Collection 51.4.1.2 Data Transmission and Recovery 51.4.1.3 Data Interpretation 51.4.1.4 Data Manipulation 61.4.1.5 Data Presentation 61.4.1.6 From Top–Down to Bottom–Up; Inverting the Flow of Information 61.4.2 Smart Water and Managing the Water Cycle 71.4.2.1 Potable Water Systems 71.4.2.2 Sewerage Systems 71.4.2.3 Energy Use and Recovery 71.4.2.4 Smart Environment 71.4.2.5 Flood Management and Mitigation 71.4.2.6 Resource Management 81.4.2.7 Integrated Water Management 81.4.3 Smart Water and the ‘Food, Water, Energy, and the Environment Nexus’ 81.5 Water, Smart Water and Cleantech 81.6 Disruption and a Conservative Sector 91.6.1 Why Water Utilities are Risk]Averse 91.6.2 A Question of Standards 91.6.3 Disruption in a Conservative Sector 101.7 The Size of this Market; Estimates and Forecasts 101.7.1 A Survey of Surveys 111.8 Venture Capital Funding Flows 131.8.1 Smart Water Cleantech Funding 141.8.2 Funding Smart Water Companies 141.8.3 The Evolution of Venture Capital Funding 151.9 Two Perspectives on Venture Capital and New Technologies 151.9.1 The Global Cleantech 100 – Cleantech Companies to Watch 161.9.2 The Gartner Hype Cycle – Investor and Customer Expectations and Realities 161.10 Sales of Smart Systems 181.11 Smart Water for Consumers 181.12 Smart Water for Utilities and Industrial Customers 181.13 Irrigation and Surface Water Monitoring 191.14 Water and the ‘Internet of Things’ 191.15 Some Initial Caveats 191.15.1 A Caveat about a Swiftly Evolving Future 201.15.2 A Caveat on Data and the Silo Mentality 20Conclusions 20References 212 Why do we Need Smart Water? 27Introduction 272.1 The Water Supply Crunch 272.1.1 Water Scarcity and Stress 272.1.2 Renewable Water Resources 282.1.3 Population Growth and Urbanisation 282.1.4 Water Shortage, Scarcity and Stress 302.1.5 Population and Water Stress 312.1.6 Industrial Water Usage 342.1.7 The Supply Management Paradigm 352.1.8 Funding Constraints; The Need to do More with Less Funding 352.1.9 Affordability is a Concern, Especially in Less Equal Societies 372.1.10 Paying for Water and Wastewater 392.2 The Impact of Climate Change 402.2.1 The Cost of Adapting to a Changing Climate 422.3 Leakage and Water Losses 422.4 Water Efficiency and Demand Management 432.4.1 Demand Management and Consumer Behaviour 432.4.2 Balancing Water Use; Seasonal Demand and Availability 432.4.3 Water Efficiency – The Demands of Demand Management 442.4.4 Water Metering 452.4.4.1 The Development of Metering in England and Wales 452.5 Lowering Energy Usage 462.5.1 The Cost of Energy 472.5.2 Where Energy is Consumed 472.5.3 Energy Efficiency 482.5.4 Turning Wastewater into a Resource 492.6 Appreciating Asset Condition and its Effective Performance 492.6.1 Improvements in Asset Efficiency and Operating Costs 502.6.2 The Need to Understand Underground Assets 502.6.3 Pumps and Potential Savings 512.6.4 The Scope for Savings 51Conclusions 52References 523 The Technologies and Techniques Driving Smart Water 57Introduction 573.1 From Innovation to Application – The Necessity of Integration 573.2 Digital Manufacturing – The Right Size at the Right Price 593.3 Smart Objects and the Internet of Things 603.4 The Hierarchy of Smart Hardware and Software 613.4.1 Automatic Decisions and Operations 613.4.2 Data Management and Display 613.4.3 Collection and Communication 623.4.4 Sensing and Control 633.4.5 Relevant Aspects that Exist Outside the Smart Network, as the Physical Layer 643.4.6 Smart Water Grids as Integrated Data Hierarchies 643.5 Case Studies: Towards Implementation 653.5.1 Case Study 3.1: Northumbrian Water’s Regional Control Centre 653.5.1.1 Northumbrian Water’s Aims and Outcomes 653.5.1.2 Smart Systems for Northumbrian Water – Schneider’s SCADA 673.5.1.3 Smart Systems for Northumbrian Water – Aquadapt’s Water Management System 673.5.2 Case Study 3.2: Big Data at Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water 683.5.3 Case Study 3.3: Non]Revenue Water Reduction at Aguas de Cascais 693.5.4 Case Study 3.4: Smart Meter Services for Aguas de Portugal 703.5.4.1 EPAL’s DMA Analysis Project Methodology 713.5.4.2 Implementing Innovation 723.5.4.3 Results to Date 723.5.4.4 The Waterbeep Service at EPAL 733.5.5 Case Study 3.5: The Vitens Innovation Playground 743.5.5.1 Performance and Practicalities 743.5.5.2 The Beginnings of Big Data 743.5.5.3 Incertameter 753.5.5.4 Quasset 753.5.5.5 Optiqua 753.5.5.6 Arson Engineering 753.5.5.7 Scan Messtechnik GmbH 753.5.5.8 Homeria 753.5.5.9 StereoGraph 763.5.5.10 Mycometer 76Conclusions 76References 764 Domestic Water and Demand Management 79Introduction 794.1 Metering and Smart Water Metering 794.1.1 Adoption of Metering 794.1.2 The Adoption of Metering in England and Wales 804.1.3 Tariff Structures 854.2 Types of Water Meter 854.2.1 Types of AMR Meter Reading 864.2.2 Smart Metering – From AMR to AMI 864.2.3 Smart Water Meters and Demand Management 874.2.4 The Cost of Smart Metering 874.2.5 Operating Costs for Smart Metering 894.2.6 Smart Meter Deployments to Date 904.2.7 Metering Deployment, Development and Utility Cash]flow 904.3 Smart Metering in Practice 914.3.1 What Data Means for Utilities and their Customers 914.3.2 The Need to Appreciate Customer Behaviour 914.3.3 Water Metering and Demand Management 924.3.4 Multi Utility Metering 944.3.5 Wessex Water – A Seasonal Tariff Trial 944.3.6 Smart Meters and Utility Size in the USA 954.3.7 Sewerage Metering – What Goes In, and Out 954.3.7.1 Wessex Water: Smart Wastewater Metering 964.3.8 Smart Metering and Leak Detection for Commercial Customers 974.4 Domestic Water 974.4.1 Domestic Devices 974.4.2 Monitoring Water Use 984.4.3 Water Harvesting and Reuse 994.4.4 Reducing Water Consumption at the Tap Level 994.4.5 Optimising Water Flow From the Tap 994.4.6 Domestic Flood Prevention 1004.4.7 Water Efficient Appliances 1014.4.8 Commercial and Municipal Applications 1014.4.8.1 Low]Flow Shower Heads 1024.4.8.2 Vacuum Lavatories 1024.4.8.3 Minimum Water Cleaning 1024.4.8.4 Glass Washers for Caterers 1024.5 Developing Water Efficiency Standards 1034.5.1 Australia – Water Efficiency Approvals 1034.5.2 Water Efficiency Labels in Portugal, Singapore and the EU 1034.5.3 Europe’s Water Label 1044.5.4 Voluntary and Mandatory Schemes 1054.6 Case Studies: The Emergence of Smart Domestic Metering and Appliances 1064.6.1 Case Study 4.1: Smart Water Metering in Japan 1074.6.2 Case Study 4.2: Water Use in the Home 1074.6.2.1 At Home with Water 1084.6.2.2 At Home with Water 2 1084.6.3 Case Study 4.3: Smart Metering from an Energy Utility Perspective 1094.6.3.1 Psychological Basis: Experiential Learning 1104.6.4 Case Study 4.4: Southern Water’s Smart Metering Roll]Out 1104.6.5 Case Study 4.5: Malta’s Smart Water Metering Roll]Out 1124.6.6 Case Study 4.6: Smart Metering and Demand Management for Thames Water 1124.6.6.1 The Need for Metering 1124.6.6.2 Deploying the Meters 1134.6.6.3 Findings from Fixed Network Trials: 2012–15 1134.6.6.4 Preparing for the Migration from AMR to AMI 1134.6.6.5 Customer Engagement and Awareness 1144.6.6.6 Benefits Identified 1154.6.6.7 Risks to Consider 1164.6.6.8 Going Forward 1164.6.7 Case Study 4.7: Retail Competition in England and Scotland 1164.6.8 Case Study 4.8: Preparing for a Smart Meter Roll]Out in the USA 1174.6.9 Case Study 4.9: Reducing Water Consumption in Melbourne 1174.6.10 Case Study 4.10: Smart Meters in the USA, A Utility Perspective 1184.6.11 Case Study 4.11: Jersey Water, Using AMR and AMI 1184.6.12 Case Study 4.12: Orbital Systems – A Water Efficient Power Shower 1184.6.13 Case Study 4.13: Enabling Utilities to Communicate Meter Readings 119Conclusions 120References 1215 Optimising how we Manage Water and Wastewater 127Introduction 1275.1 Traditional Techniques and Expectations 1275.2 Living in a Real]time World 1285.2.1 Why we Need More Testing – Intensity of Water Use 1295.2.2 Why we Need Faster Testing – Predict Rather than Respond 1295.2.3 The Role of Domestic Smart Metering in Informing the Utility 1295.3 Network Monitoring and Efficiency 1295.3.1 Leakage Detection and Location 1295.3.2 Assessing Asset Condition 1305.3.3 Water Pressure Management and Leakage Detection 1315.3.4 Optimising Pumping 1335.3.5 Dealing with the Data 1345.4 Drinking Water – Quality 1345.4.1 Drinking Water – Potability, Aesthetics and Public Confidence 1355.4.2 Going Back to the Source – Catchment Management 1355.5 Water Utilities and the Wider Environment 1355.5.1 River and Ground Water Quality Assessment 1365.5.2 Flood Detection and Management 1365.5.2.1 Smart Flood Management 1365.5.3 Bathing Water Monitoring 1385.6 Wastewater and Sewerage 1395.6.1 Sludge Condition and Treatment 1395.6.2 As a Renewable Resource – Water and Wastewater Reuse 1395.6.3 Storm Sewerage Overflow Detection and Response 1395.6.4 Wastewater as a Public Health Monitoring Tool 1405.6.5 Smart Sewerage Capacity Optimisation 1425.7 Avoiding Surplus Assets 1435.7.1 Making the Extant Networks Deliver More 1435.7.2 Efficient Deployment of Meters and Monitors 1445.8 Case Studies 1455.8.1 Case Study 5.1: Fast Action Leakage Detection in Copenhagen 1465.8.2 Case Study 5.2: Data Logging and Network Optimisation 1465.8.3 Case Study 5.3: Developing a Leak Detection and Management System in Jerusalem 1475.8.4 Case Study 5.4: ‘Mapping the Underground’ for Locating Utility Assets 1495.8.5 Case Study 5.5: Energy Efficient Pumping in Spain and Brazil 1505.8.6 Case Study 5.6: Smart Water in Malta – The System 1515.8.7 Case Study 5.7: Wireless Enabled Sewerage Monitoring and Management 1525.8.8 Case Study 5.8: Monitoring for Sewer Overflows 1535.8.9 Case Study 5.9: Flood Warnings and Event Management 1535.8.10 Case Study 5.10: Sewerage Monitoring in a Remote Community 1545.8.11 Case Study 5.11: Flood Monitoring and Management in Bordeaux 154Conclusions 155References 1566 Appropriate Technology and Development 161Introduction 1616.1 Sustainable Development and Water in Developing Economies 1616.2 Overcoming Traditional Obstacles 1626.2.1 Aid]Funded Rural Hand Pumps in Sub]Saharan Africa 1636.2.2 Reducing Water Losses and Unbilled Water in Developing Economies 1636.2.3 Developing Water Pumps that are Built to Last 1636.3 The Impact of Mobile Telephony 1646.3.1 The Need for Access to Services and Infrastructure 1646.3.2 Making Innovation Matter – Mobile Money and Water 1656.4 An Overview of Smart Water Initiatives Seen in Developing Economies 1676.4.1 India’s Smart Cities Mission 1676.4.2 Remote Pump Condition Monitoring 1676.4.3 SWEETSense – A Multi Use Monitor 1686.4.4 Data Collection, Transmission and Interpretation Systems – mWater 1686.4.5 Managing and Monitoring Losses 1696.4.6 Smart Sanitation – Logistics and Lavatories 1706.4.7 Sanitation Apps 1706.5 Case Studies 1716.5.1 Case Study 6.1: Smart Water ATMs in an Informal Settlement in Nairobi, Kenya 1716.5.2 Case Study 6.2: Smart Sanitation Collection in Senegal 1726.5.3 Case Study 6.3: India – Performance]Based PPP Contract for Water Services 172Conclusions 172References 1747 The Other 70%: Agriculture, Horticulture and Recreation 177Introduction 1777.1 Resource Competition and Municipal, Agricultural and Industrial Demand 1777.1.1 Population Growth and Hunger Drive Demand 1777.1.2 Loss of Productive Land 1787.1.3 Irrigation and Productivity 1787.1.4 Irrigation Efficiency 1807.1.5 Urban and Domestic Irrigation 1817.2 The Economics of Irrigation 1817.3 Smart Irrigation and Sustainability 1837.3.1 The Market for Smart Irrigation 1837.3.2 Policy Drivers 1857.4 Smart Irrigation Agriculture 1877.4.1 Smart Irrigation Systems 1877.4.2 The Impact of Smart Irrigation 1887.4.3 Regulated Deficit Irrigation 1907.5 Lawns, Parks and Sports Fields 1907.6 Case Studies 1927.6.1 Case Study 7.1: Wine Growing in the USA 1927.6.2 Case Study 7.2: Remote Sensing of Customer Water Consumption 1937.6.3 Case Study 7.3: ETwater – An Integrated Garden Irrigation Management System 194Conclusions 194References 1958 Policies and Practicalities for Enabling Smart Water 199Introduction 1998.1 Regulation as a Policy Driver 1998.2 Direct Policy Interventions 2008.3 Indirect Policy Interventions 2008.4 Policy as an Inhibitor 2018.5 Policy Challenges 2018.6 Case Studies 2028.6.1 Case Study 8.1: Australia – Localised Initiatives 2028.6.2 Case Study 8.2: Ontario, Canada – A Smart Grid for Water 2028.6.3 Case Study 8.3: Israel – Supporting Smart Technologies 2038.6.4 Case Study 8.4: Korea – Smart Water as Part of a National Competitiveness Package 2038.6.5 Case Study 8.5: Singapore – Smart Management as a Part of Holistic Water Management 2048.6.6 Case Study 8.6: The United Kingdom – Mixed Signals 2058.6.7 Case Study 8.7: The USA – State Level Mandates 207Conclusions 208References 2099 Obstacles to Adoption 211Introduction 2119.1 Public Concerns about Health and Privacy 2119.2 Trust, Technology and Politics 2129.3 Ownership of Data 2139.4 Stranded Assets 2139.5 The Role of Utilities 2149.6 Integrity and the Internet 2149.7 A Question of Standards Revisited 2149.8 Demand Management and Flushing Sewage Through the Network 2159.9 Data Handling Capacity for the Internet of Things 2159.10 Leakage Management is Hampered by its Measurement 2169.11 Smart Water has its Logical Limits 216Conclusions 216References 21710 Towards Smart Water Management 219Introduction 21910.1 Conservatism and Innovation 21910.2 A Set of Desired Outcomes 22010.3 The Impact of Smart Water 22310.3.1 Irrigation 22310.3.2 Smart Water and Overall Demand 22410.3.3 Smart Water and Spending 225Conclusions 225References 226Conclusions 229Index 231

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DAVID A. LLOYD OWEN is the managing director of Envisager Limited. He advises governments, multilateral institutions and financiers on water policy, especially in relating to sustainability, economics and regulation. He has written eight books on water management and markets.

• Introduction xiii1 What do we Mean by ‘Smart Water?’ 1Introduction 11.1 Defining ‘Smart’ 11.1.1 ‘Smart’ and Utilities and Public Services 11.1.2 Smart Consumer Goods 11.2 ‘Smart Power’ and ‘Smart Grids’ 21.2.1 Smart Grids 21.3 Cleantech and Smart Cleantech 31.3.1 Smart Cleantech 41.4 Smart Water 41.4.1 Smart Water and the Flow of Information 51.4.1.1 Monitoring and Data Collection 51.4.1.2 Data Transmission and Recovery 51.4.1.3 Data Interpretation 51.4.1.4 Data Manipulation 61.4.1.5 Data Presentation 61.4.1.6 From Top–Down to Bottom–Up; Inverting the Flow of Information 61.4.2 Smart Water and Managing the Water Cycle 71.4.2.1 Potable Water Systems 71.4.2.2 Sewerage Systems 71.4.2.3 Energy Use and Recovery 71.4.2.4 Smart Environment 71.4.2.5 Flood Management and Mitigation 71.4.2.6 Resource Management 81.4.2.7 Integrated Water Management 81.4.3 Smart Water and the ‘Food, Water, Energy, and the Environment Nexus’ 81.5 Water, Smart Water and Cleantech 81.6 Disruption and a Conservative Sector 91.6.1 Why Water Utilities are Risk]Averse 91.6.2 A Question of Standards 91.6.3 Disruption in a Conservative Sector 101.7 The Size of this Market; Estimates and Forecasts 101.7.1 A Survey of Surveys 111.8 Venture Capital Funding Flows 131.8.1 Smart Water Cleantech Funding 141.8.2 Funding Smart Water Companies 141.8.3 The Evolution of Venture Capital Funding 151.9 Two Perspectives on Venture Capital and New Technologies 151.9.1 The Global Cleantech 100 – Cleantech Companies to Watch 161.9.2 The Gartner Hype Cycle – Investor and Customer Expectations and Realities 161.10 Sales of Smart Systems 181.11 Smart Water for Consumers 181.12 Smart Water for Utilities and Industrial Customers 181.13 Irrigation and Surface Water Monitoring 191.14 Water and the ‘Internet of Things’ 191.15 Some Initial Caveats 191.15.1 A Caveat about a Swiftly Evolving Future 201.15.2 A Caveat on Data and the Silo Mentality 20Conclusions 20References 212 Why do we Need Smart Water? 27Introduction 272.1 The Water Supply Crunch 272.1.1 Water Scarcity and Stress 272.1.2 Renewable Water Resources 282.1.3 Population Growth and Urbanisation 282.1.4 Water Shortage, Scarcity and Stress 302.1.5 Population and Water Stress 312.1.6 Industrial Water Usage 342.1.7 The Supply Management Paradigm 352.1.8 Funding Constraints; The Need to do More with Less Funding 352.1.9 Affordability is a Concern, Especially in Less Equal Societies 372.1.10 Paying for Water and Wastewater 392.2 The Impact of Climate Change 402.2.1 The Cost of Adapting to a Changing Climate 422.3 Leakage and Water Losses 422.4 Water Efficiency and Demand Management 432.4.1 Demand Management and Consumer Behaviour 432.4.2 Balancing Water Use; Seasonal Demand and Availability 432.4.3 Water Efficiency – The Demands of Demand Management 442.4.4 Water Metering 452.4.4.1 The Development of Metering in England and Wales 452.5 Lowering Energy Usage 462.5.1 The Cost of Energy 472.5.2 Where Energy is Consumed 472.5.3 Energy Efficiency 482.5.4 Turning Wastewater into a Resource 492.6 Appreciating Asset Condition and its Effective Performance 492.6.1 Improvements in Asset Efficiency and Operating Costs 502.6.2 The Need to Understand Underground Assets 502.6.3 Pumps and Potential Savings 512.6.4 The Scope for Savings 51Conclusions 52References 523 The Technologies and Techniques Driving Smart Water 57Introduction 573.1 From Innovation to Application – The Necessity of Integration 573.2 Digital Manufacturing – The Right Size at the Right Price 593.3 Smart Objects and the Internet of Things 603.4 The Hierarchy of Smart Hardware and Software 613.4.1 Automatic Decisions and Operations 613.4.2 Data Management and Display 613.4.3 Collection and Communication 623.4.4 Sensing and Control 633.4.5 Relevant Aspects that Exist Outside the Smart Network, as the Physical Layer 643.4.6 Smart Water Grids as Integrated Data Hierarchies 643.5 Case Studies: Towards Implementation 653.5.1 Case Study 3.1: Northumbrian Water’s Regional Control Centre 653.5.1.1 Northumbrian Water’s Aims and Outcomes 653.5.1.2 Smart Systems for Northumbrian Water – Schneider’s SCADA 673.5.1.3 Smart Systems for Northumbrian Water – Aquadapt’s Water Management System 673.5.2 Case Study 3.2: Big Data at Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water 683.5.3 Case Study 3.3: Non]Revenue Water Reduction at Aguas de Cascais 693.5.4 Case Study 3.4: Smart Meter Services for Aguas de Portugal 703.5.4.1 EPAL’s DMA Analysis Project Methodology 713.5.4.2 Implementing Innovation 723.5.4.3 Results to Date 723.5.4.4 The Waterbeep Service at EPAL 733.5.5 Case Study 3.5: The Vitens Innovation Playground 743.5.5.1 Performance and Practicalities 743.5.5.2 The Beginnings of Big Data 743.5.5.3 Incertameter 753.5.5.4 Quasset 753.5.5.5 Optiqua 753.5.5.6 Arson Engineering 753.5.5.7 Scan Messtechnik GmbH 753.5.5.8 Homeria 753.5.5.9 StereoGraph 763.5.5.10 Mycometer 76Conclusions 76References 764 Domestic Water and Demand Management 79Introduction 794.1 Metering and Smart Water Metering 794.1.1 Adoption of Metering 794.1.2 The Adoption of Metering in England and Wales 804.1.3 Tariff Structures 854.2 Types of Water Meter 854.2.1 Types of AMR Meter Reading 864.2.2 Smart Metering – From AMR to AMI 864.2.3 Smart Water Meters and Demand Management 874.2.4 The Cost of Smart Metering 874.2.5 Operating Costs for Smart Metering 894.2.6 Smart Meter Deployments to Date 904.2.7 Metering Deployment, Development and Utility Cash]flow 904.3 Smart Metering in Practice 914.3.1 What Data Means for Utilities and their Customers 914.3.2 The Need to Appreciate Customer Behaviour 914.3.3 Water Metering and Demand Management 924.3.4 Multi Utility Metering 944.3.5 Wessex Water – A Seasonal Tariff Trial 944.3.6 Smart Meters and Utility Size in the USA 954.3.7 Sewerage Metering – What Goes In, and Out 954.3.7.1 Wessex Water: Smart Wastewater Metering 964.3.8 Smart Metering and Leak Detection for Commercial Customers 974.4 Domestic Water 974.4.1 Domestic Devices 974.4.2 Monitoring Water Use 984.4.3 Water Harvesting and Reuse 994.4.4 Reducing Water Consumption at the Tap Level 994.4.5 Optimising Water Flow From the Tap 994.4.6 Domestic Flood Prevention 1004.4.7 Water Efficient Appliances 1014.4.8 Commercial and Municipal Applications 1014.4.8.1 Low]Flow Shower Heads 1024.4.8.2 Vacuum Lavatories 1024.4.8.3 Minimum Water Cleaning 1024.4.8.4 Glass Washers for Caterers 1024.5 Developing Water Efficiency Standards 1034.5.1 Australia – Water Efficiency Approvals 1034.5.2 Water Efficiency Labels in Portugal, Singapore and the EU 1034.5.3 Europe’s Water Label 1044.5.4 Voluntary and Mandatory Schemes 1054.6 Case Studies: The Emergence of Smart Domestic Metering and Appliances 1064.6.1 Case Study 4.1: Smart Water Metering in Japan 1074.6.2 Case Study 4.2: Water Use in the Home 1074.6.2.1 At Home with Water 1084.6.2.2 At Home with Water 2 1084.6.3 Case Study 4.3: Smart Metering from an Energy Utility Perspective 1094.6.3.1 Psychological Basis: Experiential Learning 1104.6.4 Case Study 4.4: Southern Water’s Smart Metering Roll]Out 1104.6.5 Case Study 4.5: Malta’s Smart Water Metering Roll]Out 1124.6.6 Case Study 4.6: Smart Metering and Demand Management for Thames Water 1124.6.6.1 The Need for Metering 1124.6.6.2 Deploying the Meters 1134.6.6.3 Findings from Fixed Network Trials: 2012–15 1134.6.6.4 Preparing for the Migration from AMR to AMI 1134.6.6.5 Customer Engagement and Awareness 1144.6.6.6 Benefits Identified 1154.6.6.7 Risks to Consider 1164.6.6.8 Going Forward 1164.6.7 Case Study 4.7: Retail Competition in England and Scotland 1164.6.8 Case Study 4.8: Preparing for a Smart Meter Roll]Out in the USA 1174.6.9 Case Study 4.9: Reducing Water Consumption in Melbourne 1174.6.10 Case Study 4.10: Smart Meters in the USA, A Utility Perspective 1184.6.11 Case Study 4.11: Jersey Water, Using AMR and AMI 1184.6.12 Case Study 4.12: Orbital Systems – A Water Efficient Power Shower 1184.6.13 Case Study 4.13: Enabling Utilities to Communicate Meter Readings 119Conclusions 120References 1215 Optimising how we Manage Water and Wastewater 127Introduction 1275.1 Traditional Techniques and Expectations 1275.2 Living in a Real]time World 1285.2.1 Why we Need More Testing – Intensity of Water Use 1295.2.2 Why we Need Faster Testing – Predict Rather than Respond 1295.2.3 The Role of Domestic Smart Metering in Informing the Utility 1295.3 Network Monitoring and Efficiency 1295.3.1 Leakage Detection and Location 1295.3.2 Assessing Asset Condition 1305.3.3 Water Pressure Management and Leakage Detection 1315.3.4 Optimising Pumping 1335.3.5 Dealing with the Data 1345.4 Drinking Water – Quality 1345.4.1 Drinking Water – Potability, Aesthetics and Public Confidence 1355.4.2 Going Back to the Source – Catchment Management 1355.5 Water Utilities and the Wider Environment 1355.5.1 River and Ground Water Quality Assessment 1365.5.2 Flood Detection and Management 1365.5.2.1 Smart Flood Management 1365.5.3 Bathing Water Monitoring 1385.6 Wastewater and Sewerage 1395.6.1 Sludge Condition and Treatment 1395.6.2 As a Renewable Resource – Water and Wastewater Reuse 1395.6.3 Storm Sewerage Overflow Detection and Response 1395.6.4 Wastewater as a Public Health Monitoring Tool 1405.6.5 Smart Sewerage Capacity Optimisation 1425.7 Avoiding Surplus Assets 1435.7.1 Making the Extant Networks Deliver More 1435.7.2 Efficient Deployment of Meters and Monitors 1445.8 Case Studies 1455.8.1 Case Study 5.1: Fast Action Leakage Detection in Copenhagen 1465.8.2 Case Study 5.2: Data Logging and Network Optimisation 1465.8.3 Case Study 5.3: Developing a Leak Detection and Management System in Jerusalem 1475.8.4 Case Study 5.4: ‘Mapping the Underground’ for Locating Utility Assets 1495.8.5 Case Study 5.5: Energy Efficient Pumping in Spain and Brazil 1505.8.6 Case Study 5.6: Smart Water in Malta – The System 1515.8.7 Case Study 5.7: Wireless Enabled Sewerage Monitoring and Management 1525.8.8 Case Study 5.8: Monitoring for Sewer Overflows 1535.8.9 Case Study 5.9: Flood Warnings and Event Management 1535.8.10 Case Study 5.10: Sewerage Monitoring in a Remote Community 1545.8.11 Case Study 5.11: Flood Monitoring and Management in Bordeaux 154Conclusions 155References 1566 Appropriate Technology and Development 161Introduction 1616.1 Sustainable Development and Water in Developing Economies 1616.2 Overcoming Traditional Obstacles 1626.2.1 Aid]Funded Rural Hand Pumps in Sub]Saharan Africa 1636.2.2 Reducing Water Losses and Unbilled Water in Developing Economies 1636.2.3 Developing Water Pumps that are Built to Last 1636.3 The Impact of Mobile Telephony 1646.3.1 The Need for Access to Services and Infrastructure 1646.3.2 Making Innovation Matter – Mobile Money and Water 1656.4 An Overview of Smart Water Initiatives Seen in Developing Economies 1676.4.1 India’s Smart Cities Mission 1676.4.2 Remote Pump Condition Monitoring 1676.4.3 SWEETSense – A Multi Use Monitor 1686.4.4 Data Collection, Transmission and Interpretation Systems – mWater 1686.4.5 Managing and Monitoring Losses 1696.4.6 Smart Sanitation – Logistics and Lavatories 1706.4.7 Sanitation Apps 1706.5 Case Studies 1716.5.1 Case Study 6.1: Smart Water ATMs in an Informal Settlement in Nairobi, Kenya 1716.5.2 Case Study 6.2: Smart Sanitation Collection in Senegal 1726.5.3 Case Study 6.3: India – Performance]Based PPP Contract for Water Services 172Conclusions 172References 1747 The Other 70%: Agriculture, Horticulture and Recreation 177Introduction 1777.1 Resource Competition and Municipal, Agricultural and Industrial Demand 1777.1.1 Population Growth and Hunger Drive Demand 1777.1.2 Loss of Productive Land 1787.1.3 Irrigation and Productivity 1787.1.4 Irrigation Efficiency 1807.1.5 Urban and Domestic Irrigation 1817.2 The Economics of Irrigation 1817.3 Smart Irrigation and Sustainability 1837.3.1 The Market for Smart Irrigation 1837.3.2 Policy Drivers 1857.4 Smart Irrigation Agriculture 1877.4.1 Smart Irrigation Systems 1877.4.2 The Impact of Smart Irrigation 1887.4.3 Regulated Deficit Irrigation 1907.5 Lawns, Parks and Sports Fields 1907.6 Case Studies 1927.6.1 Case Study 7.1: Wine Growing in the USA 1927.6.2 Case Study 7.2: Remote Sensing of Customer Water Consumption 1937.6.3 Case Study 7.3: ETwater – An Integrated Garden Irrigation Management System 194Conclusions 194References 1958 Policies and Practicalities for Enabling Smart Water 199Introduction 1998.1 Regulation as a Policy Driver 1998.2 Direct Policy Interventions 2008.3 Indirect Policy Interventions 2008.4 Policy as an Inhibitor 2018.5 Policy Challenges 2018.6 Case Studies 2028.6.1 Case Study 8.1: Australia – Localised Initiatives 2028.6.2 Case Study 8.2: Ontario, Canada – A Smart Grid for Water 2028.6.3 Case Study 8.3: Israel – Supporting Smart Technologies 2038.6.4 Case Study 8.4: Korea – Smart Water as Part of a National Competitiveness Package 2038.6.5 Case Study 8.5: Singapore – Smart Management as a Part of Holistic Water Management 2048.6.6 Case Study 8.6: The United Kingdom – Mixed Signals 2058.6.7 Case Study 8.7: The USA – State Level Mandates 207Conclusions 208References 2099 Obstacles to Adoption 211Introduction 2119.1 Public Concerns about Health and Privacy 2119.2 Trust, Technology and Politics 2129.3 Ownership of Data 2139.4 Stranded Assets 2139.5 The Role of Utilities 2149.6 Integrity and the Internet 2149.7 A Question of Standards Revisited 2149.8 Demand Management and Flushing Sewage Through the Network 2159.9 Data Handling Capacity for the Internet of Things 2159.10 Leakage Management is Hampered by its Measurement 2169.11 Smart Water has its Logical Limits 216Conclusions 216References 21710 Towards Smart Water Management 219Introduction 21910.1 Conservatism and Innovation 21910.2 A Set of Desired Outcomes 22010.3 The Impact of Smart Water 22310.3.1 Irrigation 22310.3.2 Smart Water and Overall Demand 22410.3.3 Smart Water and Spending 225Conclusions 225References 226Conclusions 229Index 231

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DAVID A. LLOYD OWEN is the managing director of Envisager Limited. He advises governments, multilateral institutions and financiers on water policy, especially in relating to sustainability, economics and regulation. He has written eight books on water management and markets.

• Introduction xiii1 What do we Mean by ‘Smart Water?’ 1Introduction 11.1 Defining ‘Smart’ 11.1.1 ‘Smart’ and Utilities and Public Services 11.1.2 Smart Consumer Goods 11.2 ‘Smart Power’ and ‘Smart Grids’ 21.2.1 Smart Grids 21.3 Cleantech and Smart Cleantech 31.3.1 Smart Cleantech 41.4 Smart Water 41.4.1 Smart Water and the Flow of Information 51.4.1.1 Monitoring and Data Collection 51.4.1.2 Data Transmission and Recovery 51.4.1.3 Data Interpretation 51.4.1.4 Data Manipulation 61.4.1.5 Data Presentation 61.4.1.6 From Top–Down to Bottom–Up; Inverting the Flow of Information 61.4.2 Smart Water and Managing the Water Cycle 71.4.2.1 Potable Water Systems 71.4.2.2 Sewerage Systems 71.4.2.3 Energy Use and Recovery 71.4.2.4 Smart Environment 71.4.2.5 Flood Management and Mitigation 71.4.2.6 Resource Management 81.4.2.7 Integrated Water Management 81.4.3 Smart Water and the ‘Food, Water, Energy, and the Environment Nexus’ 81.5 Water, Smart Water and Cleantech 81.6 Disruption and a Conservative Sector 91.6.1 Why Water Utilities are Risk]Averse 91.6.2 A Question of Standards 91.6.3 Disruption in a Conservative Sector 101.7 The Size of this Market; Estimates and Forecasts 101.7.1 A Survey of Surveys 111.8 Venture Capital Funding Flows 131.8.1 Smart Water Cleantech Funding 141.8.2 Funding Smart Water Companies 141.8.3 The Evolution of Venture Capital Funding 151.9 Two Perspectives on Venture Capital and New Technologies 151.9.1 The Global Cleantech 100 – Cleantech Companies to Watch 161.9.2 The Gartner Hype Cycle – Investor and Customer Expectations and Realities 161.10 Sales of Smart Systems 181.11 Smart Water for Consumers 181.12 Smart Water for Utilities and Industrial Customers 181.13 Irrigation and Surface Water Monitoring 191.14 Water and the ‘Internet of Things’ 191.15 Some Initial Caveats 191.15.1 A Caveat about a Swiftly Evolving Future 201.15.2 A Caveat on Data and the Silo Mentality 20Conclusions 20References 212 Why do we Need Smart Water? 27Introduction 272.1 The Water Supply Crunch 272.1.1 Water Scarcity and Stress 272.1.2 Renewable Water Resources 282.1.3 Population Growth and Urbanisation 282.1.4 Water Shortage, Scarcity and Stress 302.1.5 Population and Water Stress 312.1.6 Industrial Water Usage 342.1.7 The Supply Management Paradigm 352.1.8 Funding Constraints; The Need to do More with Less Funding 352.1.9 Affordability is a Concern, Especially in Less Equal Societies 372.1.10 Paying for Water and Wastewater 392.2 The Impact of Climate Change 402.2.1 The Cost of Adapting to a Changing Climate 422.3 Leakage and Water Losses 422.4 Water Efficiency and Demand Management 432.4.1 Demand Management and Consumer Behaviour 432.4.2 Balancing Water Use; Seasonal Demand and Availability 432.4.3 Water Efficiency – The Demands of Demand Management 442.4.4 Water Metering 452.4.4.1 The Development of Metering in England and Wales 452.5 Lowering Energy Usage 462.5.1 The Cost of Energy 472.5.2 Where Energy is Consumed 472.5.3 Energy Efficiency 482.5.4 Turning Wastewater into a Resource 492.6 Appreciating Asset Condition and its Effective Performance 492.6.1 Improvements in Asset Efficiency and Operating Costs 502.6.2 The Need to Understand Underground Assets 502.6.3 Pumps and Potential Savings 512.6.4 The Scope for Savings 51Conclusions 52References 523 The Technologies and Techniques Driving Smart Water 57Introduction 573.1 From Innovation to Application – The Necessity of Integration 573.2 Digital Manufacturing – The Right Size at the Right Price 593.3 Smart Objects and the Internet of Things 603.4 The Hierarchy of Smart Hardware and Software 613.4.1 Automatic Decisions and Operations 613.4.2 Data Management and Display 613.4.3 Collection and Communication 623.4.4 Sensing and Control 633.4.5 Relevant Aspects that Exist Outside the Smart Network, as the Physical Layer 643.4.6 Smart Water Grids as Integrated Data Hierarchies 643.5 Case Studies: Towards Implementation 653.5.1 Case Study 3.1: Northumbrian Water’s Regional Control Centre 653.5.1.1 Northumbrian Water’s Aims and Outcomes 653.5.1.2 Smart Systems for Northumbrian Water – Schneider’s SCADA 673.5.1.3 Smart Systems for Northumbrian Water – Aquadapt’s Water Management System 673.5.2 Case Study 3.2: Big Data at Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water 683.5.3 Case Study 3.3: Non]Revenue Water Reduction at Aguas de Cascais 693.5.4 Case Study 3.4: Smart Meter Services for Aguas de Portugal 703.5.4.1 EPAL’s DMA Analysis Project Methodology 713.5.4.2 Implementing Innovation 723.5.4.3 Results to Date 723.5.4.4 The Waterbeep Service at EPAL 733.5.5 Case Study 3.5: The Vitens Innovation Playground 743.5.5.1 Performance and Practicalities 743.5.5.2 The Beginnings of Big Data 743.5.5.3 Incertameter 753.5.5.4 Quasset 753.5.5.5 Optiqua 753.5.5.6 Arson Engineering 753.5.5.7 Scan Messtechnik GmbH 753.5.5.8 Homeria 753.5.5.9 StereoGraph 763.5.5.10 Mycometer 76Conclusions 76References 764 Domestic Water and Demand Management 79Introduction 794.1 Metering and Smart Water Metering 794.1.1 Adoption of Metering 794.1.2 The Adoption of Metering in England and Wales 804.1.3 Tariff Structures 854.2 Types of Water Meter 854.2.1 Types of AMR Meter Reading 864.2.2 Smart Metering – From AMR to AMI 864.2.3 Smart Water Meters and Demand Management 874.2.4 The Cost of Smart Metering 874.2.5 Operating Costs for Smart Metering 894.2.6 Smart Meter Deployments to Date 904.2.7 Metering Deployment, Development and Utility Cash]flow 904.3 Smart Metering in Practice 914.3.1 What Data Means for Utilities and their Customers 914.3.2 The Need to Appreciate Customer Behaviour 914.3.3 Water Metering and Demand Management 924.3.4 Multi Utility Metering 944.3.5 Wessex Water – A Seasonal Tariff Trial 944.3.6 Smart Meters and Utility Size in the USA 954.3.7 Sewerage Metering – What Goes In, and Out 954.3.7.1 Wessex Water: Smart Wastewater Metering 964.3.8 Smart Metering and Leak Detection for Commercial Customers 974.4 Domestic Water 974.4.1 Domestic Devices 974.4.2 Monitoring Water Use 984.4.3 Water Harvesting and Reuse 994.4.4 Reducing Water Consumption at the Tap Level 994.4.5 Optimising Water Flow From the Tap 994.4.6 Domestic Flood Prevention 1004.4.7 Water Efficient Appliances 1014.4.8 Commercial and Municipal Applications 1014.4.8.1 Low]Flow Shower Heads 1024.4.8.2 Vacuum Lavatories 1024.4.8.3 Minimum Water Cleaning 1024.4.8.4 Glass Washers for Caterers 1024.5 Developing Water Efficiency Standards 1034.5.1 Australia – Water Efficiency Approvals 1034.5.2 Water Efficiency Labels in Portugal, Singapore and the EU 1034.5.3 Europe’s Water Label 1044.5.4 Voluntary and Mandatory Schemes 1054.6 Case Studies: The Emergence of Smart Domestic Metering and Appliances 1064.6.1 Case Study 4.1: Smart Water Metering in Japan 1074.6.2 Case Study 4.2: Water Use in the Home 1074.6.2.1 At Home with Water 1084.6.2.2 At Home with Water 2 1084.6.3 Case Study 4.3: Smart Metering from an Energy Utility Perspective 1094.6.3.1 Psychological Basis: Experiential Learning 1104.6.4 Case Study 4.4: Southern Water’s Smart Metering Roll]Out 1104.6.5 Case Study 4.5: Malta’s Smart Water Metering Roll]Out 1124.6.6 Case Study 4.6: Smart Metering and Demand Management for Thames Water 1124.6.6.1 The Need for Metering 1124.6.6.2 Deploying the Meters 1134.6.6.3 Findings from Fixed Network Trials: 2012–15 1134.6.6.4 Preparing for the Migration from AMR to AMI 1134.6.6.5 Customer Engagement and Awareness 1144.6.6.6 Benefits Identified 1154.6.6.7 Risks to Consider 1164.6.6.8 Going Forward 1164.6.7 Case Study 4.7: Retail Competition in England and Scotland 1164.6.8 Case Study 4.8: Preparing for a Smart Meter Roll]Out in the USA 1174.6.9 Case Study 4.9: Reducing Water Consumption in Melbourne 1174.6.10 Case Study 4.10: Smart Meters in the USA, A Utility Perspective 1184.6.11 Case Study 4.11: Jersey Water, Using AMR and AMI 1184.6.12 Case Study 4.12: Orbital Systems – A Water Efficient Power Shower 1184.6.13 Case Study 4.13: Enabling Utilities to Communicate Meter Readings 119Conclusions 120References 1215 Optimising how we Manage Water and Wastewater 127Introduction 1275.1 Traditional Techniques and Expectations 1275.2 Living in a Real]time World 1285.2.1 Why we Need More Testing – Intensity of Water Use 1295.2.2 Why we Need Faster Testing – Predict Rather than Respond 1295.2.3 The Role of Domestic Smart Metering in Informing the Utility 1295.3 Network Monitoring and Efficiency 1295.3.1 Leakage Detection and Location 1295.3.2 Assessing Asset Condition 1305.3.3 Water Pressure Management and Leakage Detection 1315.3.4 Optimising Pumping 1335.3.5 Dealing with the Data 1345.4 Drinking Water – Quality 1345.4.1 Drinking Water – Potability, Aesthetics and Public Confidence 1355.4.2 Going Back to the Source – Catchment Management 1355.5 Water Utilities and the Wider Environment 1355.5.1 River and Ground Water Quality Assessment 1365.5.2 Flood Detection and Management 1365.5.2.1 Smart Flood Management 1365.5.3 Bathing Water Monitoring 1385.6 Wastewater and Sewerage 1395.6.1 Sludge Condition and Treatment 1395.6.2 As a Renewable Resource – Water and Wastewater Reuse 1395.6.3 Storm Sewerage Overflow Detection and Response 1395.6.4 Wastewater as a Public Health Monitoring Tool 1405.6.5 Smart Sewerage Capacity Optimisation 1425.7 Avoiding Surplus Assets 1435.7.1 Making the Extant Networks Deliver More 1435.7.2 Efficient Deployment of Meters and Monitors 1445.8 Case Studies 1455.8.1 Case Study 5.1: Fast Action Leakage Detection in Copenhagen 1465.8.2 Case Study 5.2: Data Logging and Network Optimisation 1465.8.3 Case Study 5.3: Developing a Leak Detection and Management System in Jerusalem 1475.8.4 Case Study 5.4: ‘Mapping the Underground’ for Locating Utility Assets 1495.8.5 Case Study 5.5: Energy Efficient Pumping in Spain and Brazil 1505.8.6 Case Study 5.6: Smart Water in Malta – The System 1515.8.7 Case Study 5.7: Wireless Enabled Sewerage Monitoring and Management 1525.8.8 Case Study 5.8: Monitoring for Sewer Overflows 1535.8.9 Case Study 5.9: Flood Warnings and Event Management 1535.8.10 Case Study 5.10: Sewerage Monitoring in a Remote Community 1545.8.11 Case Study 5.11: Flood Monitoring and Management in Bordeaux 154Conclusions 155References 1566 Appropriate Technology and Development 161Introduction 1616.1 Sustainable Development and Water in Developing Economies 1616.2 Overcoming Traditional Obstacles 1626.2.1 Aid]Funded Rural Hand Pumps in Sub]Saharan Africa 1636.2.2 Reducing Water Losses and Unbilled Water in Developing Economies 1636.2.3 Developing Water Pumps that are Built to Last 1636.3 The Impact of Mobile Telephony 1646.3.1 The Need for Access to Services and Infrastructure 1646.3.2 Making Innovation Matter – Mobile Money and Water 1656.4 An Overview of Smart Water Initiatives Seen in Developing Economies 1676.4.1 India’s Smart Cities Mission 1676.4.2 Remote Pump Condition Monitoring 1676.4.3 SWEETSense – A Multi Use Monitor 1686.4.4 Data Collection, Transmission and Interpretation Systems – mWater 1686.4.5 Managing and Monitoring Losses 1696.4.6 Smart Sanitation – Logistics and Lavatories 1706.4.7 Sanitation Apps 1706.5 Case Studies 1716.5.1 Case Study 6.1: Smart Water ATMs in an Informal Settlement in Nairobi, Kenya 1716.5.2 Case Study 6.2: Smart Sanitation Collection in Senegal 1726.5.3 Case Study 6.3: India – Performance]Based PPP Contract for Water Services 172Conclusions 172References 1747 The Other 70%: Agriculture, Horticulture and Recreation 177Introduction 1777.1 Resource Competition and Municipal, Agricultural and Industrial Demand 1777.1.1 Population Growth and Hunger Drive Demand 1777.1.2 Loss of Productive Land 1787.1.3 Irrigation and Productivity 1787.1.4 Irrigation Efficiency 1807.1.5 Urban and Domestic Irrigation 1817.2 The Economics of Irrigation 1817.3 Smart Irrigation and Sustainability 1837.3.1 The Market for Smart Irrigation 1837.3.2 Policy Drivers 1857.4 Smart Irrigation Agriculture 1877.4.1 Smart Irrigation Systems 1877.4.2 The Impact of Smart Irrigation 1887.4.3 Regulated Deficit Irrigation 1907.5 Lawns, Parks and Sports Fields 1907.6 Case Studies 1927.6.1 Case Study 7.1: Wine Growing in the USA 1927.6.2 Case Study 7.2: Remote Sensing of Customer Water Consumption 1937.6.3 Case Study 7.3: ETwater – An Integrated Garden Irrigation Management System 194Conclusions 194References 1958 Policies and Practicalities for Enabling Smart Water 199Introduction 1998.1 Regulation as a Policy Driver 1998.2 Direct Policy Interventions 2008.3 Indirect Policy Interventions 2008.4 Policy as an Inhibitor 2018.5 Policy Challenges 2018.6 Case Studies 2028.6.1 Case Study 8.1: Australia – Localised Initiatives 2028.6.2 Case Study 8.2: Ontario, Canada – A Smart Grid for Water 2028.6.3 Case Study 8.3: Israel – Supporting Smart Technologies 2038.6.4 Case Study 8.4: Korea – Smart Water as Part of a National Competitiveness Package 2038.6.5 Case Study 8.5: Singapore – Smart Management as a Part of Holistic Water Management 2048.6.6 Case Study 8.6: The United Kingdom – Mixed Signals 2058.6.7 Case Study 8.7: The USA – State Level Mandates 207Conclusions 208References 2099 Obstacles to Adoption 211Introduction 2119.1 Public Concerns about Health and Privacy 2119.2 Trust, Technology and Politics 2129.3 Ownership of Data 2139.4 Stranded Assets 2139.5 The Role of Utilities 2149.6 Integrity and the Internet 2149.7 A Question of Standards Revisited 2149.8 Demand Management and Flushing Sewage Through the Network 2159.9 Data Handling Capacity for the Internet of Things 2159.10 Leakage Management is Hampered by its Measurement 2169.11 Smart Water has its Logical Limits 216Conclusions 216References 21710 Towards Smart Water Management 219Introduction 21910.1 Conservatism and Innovation 21910.2 A Set of Desired Outcomes 22010.3 The Impact of Smart Water 22310.3.1 Irrigation 22310.3.2 Smart Water and Overall Demand 22410.3.3 Smart Water and Spending 225Conclusions 225References 226Conclusions 229Index 231

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