This book explores the innovative use of small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS)—commonly known as drones—for methane emissions monitoring (i.e., detection, localization, and quantification) by introducing smart sensing frameworks and digital twin technology.Based on the concept of smart sensing, which combines mobile sensor data with physics-based models to provide actionable and timely insights, this book presents novel methods for monitoring and quantifying methane emissions, a potent greenhouse gas, using digital twins in single and multiple sUAS-based approaches. The first part of the book examines the methane sensing problem for detecting, locating, and quantifying emission sources, with case studies highlighting key observations and lessons learned from field experiments. The second part proposes what, why, and how digital twins should be used in environmental monitoring applications, covering both basic detection principles and advanced source localization and quantification techniques. This section shows how digital twins can enhance sUAS-based source detection and smart sensing methods.With practical tools and field-tested examples, this book serves as both an introductory guide and advanced reference to environmental monitoring and is particularly valuable to researchers, students, engineers, and environmental professionals in engineering, environmental studies, and technology.