Smart Grids and Green Energy Systems

A. Chitra, PhD, is an associate professor in the School of Electrical Engineering at the Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India. She received her PhD from Pondicherry University and has published many papers in scientific journals and conferences. She is one of the Board of Studies members at Pondicherry Engineering College and is currently working on several books for Scrivener Publishing. V. Indra Gandhi, PhD, is an associate professor in the School of Electrical Engineering, VIT, Vellore, Tamilnadu. She received her PhD from Anna University in Chennai, India. She has over 12 years of experience in the area of power electronics and renewable energy systems and has authored over 100 research articles in leading peer-reviewed international journals. She has filed three patents and has one book to her credit. She has also received the best researcher award from NFED, Coimbatore and from VIT. W. Razia Sultana, PhD, is an associate professor in the School of Electrical Engineering, at the Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, where she also received her PhD.

• Preface xiii1 Studies on Enhancement of Battery Pack Efficiency Using Active Cell Balancing Techniques for Electric Vehicle Applications Through MATLAB Simulations 1B. Akhila and S. Arockia Edwin Xavier1.1 Introduction 21.2 Influence of Lithium Ion Batteries 21.3 Cell Balancing 31.3.1 Types of Cell Balancing 31.3.2 Passive Cell Balancing 31.3.3 Active Cell Balancing 31.3.4 Why Cell Balancing is Important 51.4 Block Diagram 61.5 SOC Control Using Passive Cell Equalization 61.5.1 Equalization Results 71.6 Voltage Control Using Active Cell Equalization 91.6.1 The Flyback Converter Method 91.6.2 The Multi-Winding Transformer Method 111.7 Conclusion 14References 152 Evaluation and Impacts of Minimum Energy Performance Standards of Electrical Motors in India 17S. Manoharan, G. Sureshkumaar, B. Mahalakshmi and V. Govindaraj2.1 Introduction 182.2 A Review of IS 12615 Evaluation 202.3 A Scenario of ‘MEPS’ for Electric Motors From Around the World 252.4 Government Initiatives to Improve the Energy Efficiency of Electric Motors 292.4.1 National Motor Replacement Program 292.4.2 Obstacles to Overcome and the Path Forward 302.5 Conclusion 31References 313 Smart Power Tracking and Power Factor Correction in a PV System 35Karthika J., Santhosh B., Vallinayagam K., Thennavan S. and Narendran R.K.3.1 Introduction 353.2 Literature Review 373.3 Smart Power Tracking 373.4 Perturb and Observe 383.5 Need for Power Factor Correction 403.6 Correction Method 403.7 Capacitive Bank 403.8 Simulation 433.9 Result and Output 433.10 Conclusion 45References 454 Grid Connected Inverter for PV System Using Fuzzy Logic Controller 47Elam Cheren S., Sakthi Ganesh R., Vijay K., Surya V. and Venkatesha R.4.1 Introduction 474.2 Methodology 494.3 PV Module 494.4 DC-DC Converter 504.5 Mppt 514.6 Grid Connected PV System 554.7 Results and Discussion 554.8 Conclusion 56References 575 An Experimental Investigation of Fuzzy-Based Voltage-Lift Multilevel Inverter Using Solar Photovoltaic Application 59Gnanavel C., Johny Renoald A., Saravanan S., Vanchinathan K. and Sathishkhanna P.5.1 Introduction 605.2 Proposed SVLMLI 615.2.1 Trigger On State 625.2.2 Trigger Off State 635.3 Design of FLC 645.4 FL Tuned PI Controller 665.5 Result and Discussion 665.6 Conclusion 72References 726 Potentials and Challenges of Digital Twin: Toward Industry 4.0 75M. Baranidharan, Dattatraya Kalel and R. Raja Singh6.1 Introduction 756.2 Industry 4.0 776.3 Digital Twin Technology 796.3.1 Concept of Physical and Virtual Model of DTT 806.3.2 Digital Twin Effect on Industries—Industry 4.0 826.4 Potential and Challenges in Applying Digital Twin Technology 836.4.1 Information Technology Infrastructure 836.4.2 Useful Data 836.4.3 Trust 846.4.4 Expectations 846.4.5 Standardized Modeling 846.4.6 Domain Modeling 856.5 Research and Development Challenges 856.5.1 Cost 856.5.2 Precise Representation 866.5.3 Data Quality 866.5.4 Interoperability 866.5.5 Intellectual Property Protection 866.5.6 Cyber Security 866.6 Future Scope of Digital Twin Technology 876.7 Conclusion 87References 887 Real-Time Data Acquisition System for PV Module 91Durgesh Kumar, Ila Ashok, Sweta Kumari, Dipanjali and Lawrence Kumar7.1 Introduction 927.2 Description of Instrumentation Setup 937.3 Experimental Setup and Data Acquisition System 967.4 Experimental Results 977.4.1 Under Uniform Illumination 987.4.2 Under Partial Shading Condition 1007.5 Conclusion 101References 1028 Investigation of Controllers for “N” Input DC-DC Converters 105A. Lavanya, J. Divya Navamani, Nivas Jayaseelan and A. Geetha8.1 Introduction 1058.2 Role of Control Technique in Multivariable System 1068.3 Controllers Employed in Multivariable System 1088.4 Simulation Results and Discussion 1148.5 Conclusion 114References 1179 Fuzzy Logic Controlled Dual-Input DC-DC Converter for PV Applications 119Nivas Jayaseelan, A. Lavanya1 and J. Divya Navamani9.1 Introduction 1199.2 d 3 Converter Topology 1219.2.1 State-Space Model of the Converter 1229.3 Closed-Loop Controller 1269.4 Experimental Verification 1299.4.1 Result Discussion 1309.4.2 Comparative Analysis 1329.5 Conclusions 134References 13510 A Smart IoT-Based Solar Power Monitoring System 137O. Sobhana, G.C. Prabhakar, N. Amarnadh Reddy and Rashmi Kapoor10.1 Introduction 13710.2 Phases of System Implementation Process 13810.2.1 Data Acquisition 13910.2.2 Data Interface 14010.2.3 ThingSpeak Analytics 14110.3 Hardware Implementation and Results 14210.4 Conclusions 145References 14511 Control of Multi-Input Interleaved DC-DC Boost Converter for Electric Vehicle and Renewable Energy 147M. Bharathidasan and V. Indragandhi11.1 Introduction 14711.2 Proposed Converter Topology 15011.3 Control Strategy 15211.4 Simulation Results 15311.5 Conclusion 155References 15612 Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Photovoltaic Systems—A Comprehensive Review From Real-Time Implementation Perspective 159Sudarshan B.S., Chitra A., Razia Sultana W., P.R. Chandrasekhar, Tanisha Ganguli and Ishita Sahu12.1 Introduction 16012.2 Conventional Electrical MPP Tracking Methods 16112.2.1 Open-Circuit Voltage Method 16212.2.2 Short-Circuit Current Method 16312.2.3 Constant Voltage Controller Method 16412.2.4 Perturb and Observe Algorithm 16512.2.5 Incremental Conductance Algorithm 16612.2.6 Hill-Climbing (HC) Algorithm 16812.2.7 Other Conventional Methods 16912.3 Evolutionary Algorithm and Artificial Intelligence–Based MPP Tracking 17012.3.1 Fuzzy Logic Controller–Based MPP Technique 17012.3.2 Artificial Neural Network–Based MPP Algorithm 17312.3.3 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System MPP Tracking 17512.3.4 Modified P&O Method (Variable Step Size P&O) 17612.3.5 Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm 17812.3.6 Ant Colony Optimization–Based MPP Tracking 18012.3.7 Genetic Algorithm–Based Tracking 18112.3.8 Cuckoo Search–Based MPPT 18312.4 Comprehensive Review on the Implementation Issues of MPPT 18412.5 Commercial Products 18412.6 Conclusion 187References 18813 Reliability Analysis Techniques of Grid-Connected PV Power Models 197Raghavendra Rao N. S., Chitra A. and Daki Krishnachaitanya13.1 Introduction 19713.2 Reliability Empirical Relations and Standards 19913.3 Reliability Estimation of Grid-Connected PV Power Models 20113.4 Conclusion 205References 20514 DC Microgrid: A Review on Issues and Control 207D. Anitha and K. Premkumar14.1 Introduction 20814.2 Challenges Incurred in DCMG 20914.2.1 Difficulties in Extinguishing Arc 20914.2.2 Lack of Adequate Grounding 21014.2.3 Effect of Short-Circuit Fault Current and Inverter Sensitivity 21014.2.4 Electromagnetic Interference and Inrush Currents 21114.3 Control Strategies Adopted in DC Micro-Grid 21214.3.1 Centralized Control 21314.3.2 Decentralized Control 21514.3.2.1 Droop Control With Virtual Resistance 21614.3.2.2 Adaptive Droop Control 21614.3.3 Distributed Control 21714.4 Hierarchical Control 21814.5 Conclusion 223References 22415 Maximizing Power Generation of a Partially Shaded PV Array Using Genetic Algorithm 231Alice Hepzibah A., Premkumar K., Shyam D. and Aarthi B.15.1 Introduction 23215.2 Literature Review 23215.3 Proposed System Design 23315.4 Design of SEPIC Converter 23415.5 Comparison of Different Optimization Tools 23515.5.1 Fuzzy Logic Control 23515.5.2 ANFIS Model 23515.5.3 Genetic Algorithm 23815.5.4 Incremental Conductance Method (INC) 23915.6 Single-Phase Inverter 24115.7 Simulation Results 24115.8 Results and Discussion 24215.9 Conclusion 243References 24316 Investigation of Super-Lift Multilevel Inverter Using Water Pump Irrigation System 247Johny Renoald Albert, Premkumar K., Vanchinathan K., Nazar Ali A., Sagayaraj R. and Saravanan T.S.16.1 Introduction 24816.2 Proposed System Configuration 24916.3 Design of Concentrator SPV Array 25016.4 Principle of Particle Swarm Optimization 25316.5 Result and Discussion 25516.6 Conclusion 259References 25917 Analysis of Load Torque Characteristics for an Electrical Tractor 263Gade Chandra Sekhar Reddy, Sujay Deole, Mandar More, Razia Sultana W. and Chitra A.17.1 Introduction 26317.2 Methodology 26417.2.1 Traction Resistive Forces 26417.2.2 Calculation of Rolling Resistance Force 26517.2.3 Calculation of Grade Resistance 26517.2.4 Calculation of Aerodynamic Force 26617.2.5 Calculation of Acceleration Force 26717.2.6 Contribution of Total Running Resistances 26717.3 Dynamics of Draft Force 26817.4 Power Train Calculation 27417.4.1 Calculations for Field Applications 27617.4.2 Calculation for Transport Applications 27617.5 MATLAB Simulation and Result 27717.6 Motor Specifications 27717.7 Conclusion and Discussion 277References 28218 Comparison of Wireless Charging Compensation Topologies of Electric Vehicle 285M. Rajalakshmi and W. Razia Sultana18.1 Introduction 28618.2 Types of Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging Systems (EVWCS) 28718.2.1 Capacitive Wireless Charging System (CWCS) 28718.2.2 Permanent Magnet Gear Wireless Charging System (PMWC) 28918.2.3 Inductive Wireless Charging System (IWC) 28918.2.4 Resonant Inductive Wireless Charging System (RIWC) 28918.3 Classification of Compensation Topologies 28918.4 Simulation Diagram 29218.4.1 Series-Series 29218.4.2 Parallel-Series 29318.5 Design Parameters of Circuit Used in Simulation 29418.6 Results and Discussion 29418.6.1 Series-Series Topology 29418.6.2 Parallel-Series Topology Waveforms 29618.7 Conclusion 298References 29919 Analysis of PV System in Grid Connected and Islanded Modes of Operation 301Aditya Ghatak, Tushar Pandit, Chitra A. and Razia Sultana W.19.1 Introduction 30119.2 Grid Connected Mode 30219.2.1 DC Side Control 30619.2.2 AC Side Control 30619.3 Islanded Mode 30819.4 Results and Discussion 31019.5 Conclusion 314References 314Index 317