Smart Grid Standards

Takuro Sato, Waseda University, Japan Martin Macuha, France Telecom Japan Co. Ltd., Japan Muhammad Tariq, FAST National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Pakistan Daniel M. Kammen, University of California, Berkeley, USA Zhenyu Zhou, North China Electric Power University, China Solomon Abebe Asfaw, University of California, Berkeley, USA Bin Duan, Xiangtan University, China Jun Wu, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China

• About the Authors xiPreface xvAcknowledgments xvii1 An Overview of the Smart Grid 11.1 Introduction 11.2 An Overview of Smart Grid-Related Organizations 31.2.1 SDOs Dealing with the Smart Grid 41.2.2 Technical Consortia, Forums, and Panels Dealing with the Smart Grid 91.2.3 Other Political, Market, and Trade Organizations, Forums, and Alliances 121.3 Status of the United States (US) 151.3.1 Strategy Development and Planning 151.3.2 Policy and Law Enforcement 181.3.3 Government and Company Pilot Projects 191.4 Status of the European Union (EU) 201.4.1 Activities of the European Union 201.4.2 Activities of EU Member Countries 221.5 Status of Japan 251.6 Status of South Korea 271.7 Status of China 281.8 Conclusions 30References 302 Renewable Energy Generation 352.1 Introduction 352.2 Renewable Energy Systems and the Smart Grid 372.2.1 Hydroelectric Power 372.2.2 Solar Energy 402.2.3 Wind Energy 512.2.4 Fuel Cell 562.2.5 Geothermal Energy 602.2.6 Biomass 642.3 Challenges of Renewable Energy Systems 732.3.1 High Capital Cost 732.3.2 Integrating Renewable to the On-Grid 742.3.3 Reliable Supply of Power 742.3.4 Power Transmission 742.3.5 Power Distribution 742.4 Conclusion 75References 753 Power Grid 793.1 Power Grid Systems 803.2 An Overview of the Important Key Standards for the Power Grid 813.3 Communications in the Smart Grid 823.3.1 Communications for Substations: IEC 61850 Standards 823.3.2 Communications for Telecontrol: IEC 60870-5 Standards 883.3.3 Inter-Control Center Communications: IEC 60870-6 Standards 933.4 Energy Management Systems 973.4.1 Application Program Interface: the IEC 61970 Standards 973.4.2 Software Inter-Application Integration: the IEC 61968 Standards 1023.5 Teleprotection Equipment 1063.5.1 An Overview of the IEC 60834 1063.5.2 Types of Teleprotection Command Schemes 1073.5.3 Requirements for Command Type Teleprotection Systems 1083.5.4 Teleprotection System Performance Requirements 1083.5.5 Teleprotection System Performance Tests 1103.6 Application Cases of Related Standards in the Power Grid 1113.6.1 Case 1: Engineering Process in Smart Substation Automation 1113.6.2 Case 2: Information Exchange Services and Service Tracking 1173.7 Analysis of Relationships among Related Standards 1253.7.1 IEC 61970 and IEC 61968 1253.7.2 IEC 61850 and IEC 61970 1263.7.3 IEC 61850 and IEC 60870 1263.7.4 TASE.2 and MMS 1273.7.5 Latest Progresses of Related Standards 1283.8 Conclusion 129Appendix 3.A A SED File Example (Extensible Markup Language) 129References 1404 Smart Storage and Electric Vehicles 1454.1 Introduction 1454.2 Electric Storage 1464.2.1 An Overview of Electric Storage 1464.2.2 Electric Storage Technologies and Applications 1474.2.3 Standardization Projects and Efforts 1514.3 Distributed Energy Resources 1544.3.1 An Overview of Distributed Energy Resources 1544.3.2 Technologies and Applications 1554.3.3 Various Standardization Processes and Projects 1584.4 E-Mobility/Electric Vehicles 1604.4.1 Introduction of E-Mobility/Electric Vehicles 1604.4.2 The Rise and Fall of Electric Vehicles 1614.4.3 Types of Electric Vehicles 1624.4.4 Electric Vehicle Batteries 1644.4.5 Grid to Vehicle (G2V) and Vehicle to Grid (V2G) Opportunities and Challenges 1664.4.6 Standardization of E-Mobility/Electric Vehicles 1704.5 Conclusion 178References 1805 Smart Energy Consumption 1835.1 Introduction 1835.2 Demand Response 1845.2.1 An Overview of Demand Response Technologies 1845.2.2 Demand Response Technology and Barriers 1855.2.3 Standardization Efforts Related to Demand Response 1865.3 Advanced Metering Infrastructure Standards 1885.3.1 The AMI System 1895.3.2 The IEC 62056 and ANSI C12 Standards 1895.3.3 Metering Standardization Projects and Efforts 1945.4 Smart Home and Building Automation Standards 1975.4.1 ISO/IEC Information Technology – Home Electronic System (HES) 1985.4.2 ZigBee/HomePlug Smart Energy Profile 2.0 2075.4.3 OpenHAN 2.0 2175.4.4 Z-Wave 2215.4.5 ECHONET 2245.4.6 ZigBee Home Automation Public Application Profile 2285.4.7 BACnet 2315.4.8 LONWORKS 2335.4.9 INSTEON 2355.4.10 KNX 2355.4.11 ONE-NET 2385.4.12 A Comparison of Smart Home and Building Automation Standards 2395.5 Conclusion 242References 2426 Communications in the Smart Grid 2476.1 Introduction 2476.1.1 Communication Requirements for the Smart Grid 2486.1.2 List of Standards 2506.2 Architecture of the Communication System in the Smart Grid 2566.2.1 IP in the Smart Grid 2576.3 Wired Communication 2596.3.1 Power Line Communication 2596.3.2 Optical Communication 2646.3.3 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and Ethernet 2666.4 Wireless Communication 2686.4.1 Introduction 2686.4.2 Wireless Very Short Distance Communication 2706.4.3 Wireless Personal and Local Area Networks and Related Technologies in the Unlicensed Spectrum 2756.4.4 Cellular Networks in the Licensed Spectrum and WiMAX Technology 2856.4.5 Satellite Communication 2916.5 Conclusion 292References 2947 Security and Safety for Standardized Smart Grid Networks 2997.1 Introduction 2997.2 Threats and Vulnerabilities of Smart Grids 3007.2.1 Network Vulnerabilities 3007.2.2 Errors of Communications 3017.3 Communication Network Standards of Smart Grids 3027.3.1 Wireless Network Standards 3027.3.2 Wired Network Standards and Their Safety Extensions 3027.4 Wireless Network Security Mechanisms in the Smart Grids 3037.4.1 An Overview of Security Mechanisms in the Wireless Standardized Smart Grid 3037.4.2 Device Joining 3037.4.3 Securing Normal Traffic 3077.5 Wired Network Security/Safety Mechanisms in the Smart Grid 3097.5.1 An Overview of Security Technologies in the Wired Smart Grid 3107.5.2 Basic Security Mechanisms of Communication Infrastructure 3117.5.3 Principles of Safety Extensions 3127.5.4 Security Measures of Safety Extension 3137.6 Typical Standards of Functional Security and Safety 3167.6.1 IEC 62351 Standards 3167.6.2 IEC 61508 Standards 3197.7 Discussion 3217.7.1 Safety versus Security 3217.7.2 Security Level 3217.7.3 Safety Level 3227.7.4 Open Issues 3227.8 Conclusion 324References 3258 Interoperability 3298.1 Introduction 3298.1.1 Interoperability and Interchangeability 3308.1.2 The Challenges of Network Interoperability 3308.1.3 Adding Application Interoperability 3318.2 Interoperability Standards 3328.3 NIST Identified List of Standards to Be Reviewed 3338.4 NIST Interoperability 3398.5 Conceptual Reference Model for the Smart Grid 3398.6 Different Priority Areas Identified for Standardization 3408.6.1 Wide-Area Situational Awareness 3418.6.2 Demand Response and Consumer Energy Efficiency 3418.6.3 Smart Energy Storage 3428.6.4 Electric Transportation 3428.6.5 Cybersecurity 3428.6.6 Network Communications 3438.6.7 Advanced Metering Infrastructure 3448.6.8 Distribution Grid Management 3448.7 Priority Action Plans 3448.8 Different Layers of Interoperability 3468.9 Conclusion 347References 3489 Integration of Variable Renewable Resources 3519.1 Introduction 3519.2 Challenges of Grid Integration of Intermittent Renewable Systems 3529.2.1 Operation of a Conventional Electric Power System 3529.2.2 Impact of Adding Intermittent Renewable Systems to the Power Grid 3549.3 Transitioning to Highly Renewable Electricity Grid 3579.3.1 Planning Studies 3579.4 Very High Penetration and Grid-Scale Storage 3639.4.1 Grid-Matching Analysis – Case of the Israeli Grid 3639.4.2 Storage Design and Dispatch – Case of Interconnected Grid 3669.5 List of Standards Related to Integration of Renewable Resources 3749.6 Conclusion and Recommendations 375References 37510 Future of the Smart Grid 37910.1 The Premise of the Smart Grid 37910.2 What the Smart Grid Should Deliver? 38010.2.1 Clean Electricity 38110.2.2 System Flexibility 38110.2.3 Affordable Service 38310.2.4 Reliable and Sustainable Electricity Grid 38710.3 Challenges of the Smart Grid 38710.3.1 Designing for a Broader Purpose 38710.3.2 Operational Challenges 38910.3.3 Policy Challenges 39010.4 Future Directions 39110.5 Conclusion 392References 392List of Standards for the Smart Grid 395Index 459

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