Smart Cities, Energy and Climate

Prof. Oleg Golubchikov School of Geography and Planning, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom. Dr Komali Yenneti School of Architecture and Built Environment, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom.

• About the Editors xiiiList of Contributors xv1 Introduction: Cities in the Twin Net-Zero and Digital Transition 1Oleg Golubchikov and Komali Yenneti1.1 The Rise of Smart Energy Cities 11.2 Thematical Threads and Issues 31.3 Imagining Smart Urban Energy Systems 61.4 Urban Design, Planning and Policies 71.5 Technologies and Data for Smart and Low-Carbon Urban Futures 91.6 Relevance for Practice and Future Research 11References 12Part I Imagining Smart Urban Energy Systems 152 Competing Narratives and Interests in Smart Urban Energy Systems 17Jess Britton and Emily Judson2.1 Introduction 172.2 Smart Energy Cities 192.3 Momentum in Energy System Change 202.4 Smart Local Energy Systems in the United Kingdom 212.5 Competing Logics and Interests 252.6 Evolving Smart Energy Governance 262.7 Conclusions 29References 303 Where are Smart Sustainable Cities Made? Tracing Wired Socio-Technical Relationships in, Through, Beneath, and Beyond a City 35Torik Holmes, Rebecca Windemer, and Carla De Laurentis3.1 Introduction 353.2 Orientating Ideas, Approaches and Methods 363.3 The City of Manchester 383.4 Connecting ‘Smart’ Buildings 403.5 ‘Smart’ and Not-So-Smart Large-Scale Network Investments 423.6 Turbulent Urban–Rural Relationships and Contingencies 433.7 Scout Moor Wind Farm: Policy, Social Attitudes and Limiting Growth 443.8 Royd Moor Wind Farm: The Continuation of Ageing Infrastructure 453.9 Addressing ‘Hot Areas’ 473.10 Conclusions 49References 504 Smart Energy Cities: A Perspective from West Africa 53Charlotte Ray, Sam Williamson, Zuzana Hrdlicǩová, Derrick Kajjoba, Hillary Kasedde, Lauren Hermanus, Amadu Labor, Joseph Macarthy, and Braima Koroma4.1 Introduction – Smart Cities: An Urban Panacea? 534.2 Smart Energy City in an African Context 564.3 Current Policy Environment around Smart Cities and SECs in West Africa 584.4 The Need for a More Integrated Approach 634.5 Conclusions 65References 665 Beyond Urban Smart Grid Experiments: Replication and Upscaling as Contested Concepts 75Harald Rohracher, Gudrun Haindlmaier, Klaus Kubeczko, and Dick Magnusson5.1 Introduction 755.2 Analysing Context Conditions for the Replicability of Smart Grid Pilot Projects 775.3 Analysis of the Use Cases from the Demo Sites Hartberg and Malmö 815.4 Discussion and Conclusions 88Acknowledgements 90References 906 The Role of Active Buildings in Smart Energy Imaginaries: Implications of Living Well in Low-Carbon Homes and Neighbourhoods 93Kate O’Sullivan, Fiona Shirani, Nick Pidgeon, and Karen Henwood6.1 Introduction 936.2 Decarbonisation and Smart Energy Systems 956.3 Smart Homes, Smart Occupants? 966.4 Realising Smart Energy Futures: Active Buildings and Homes 996.5 Living Well in Low-Carbon Homes – Initial Insights 1006.6 Discussion 105References 1067 Do Mobility and Sustainability Rhyme in the Autonomous City? 111Federico Cugurullo and Alexander Gaio7.1 Introduction 1117.2 From Smart to Autonomous Cities 1127.3 Sustainability in the Autonomous City 1137.4 Autonomous Vehicle-Induced Urbanism 1147.5 Bicycle Urbanism in the Autonomous City 1177.6 Conclusions 119References 120Part II Urban Design, Planning and Policies 1238 Re-Defining the Smart City Concept from the Urban Climate Perspectives 125Joachim Fallmann, Christopher Holst, Matthias Mauder, and Stefan Emeis8.1 Introduction 1258.2 Existing Urban Studies 1278.3 Recent Approaches for Reshaping Building Design 1298.4 Suggestions for Urban Planning and Building Design 1308.5 Model Approaches 1358.6 Conclusion 137Funding Sources 138Conflict of Interests 138References 1389 Berlin’s Pathway to Climate Neutrality: Scenarios and Measures for a European Metropole 147Bernd Hirschl9.1 Introduction 1479.2 The Search for a Climate Policy Target for Berlin 1499.3 The Status Quo and Current Trends: Berlin Not Yet on the Path to Climate Neutrality 1549.4 Scenarios for 2050, 2030 and 2040 – A Restrictions-Based Approach 1559.5 Strategy Recommendations and Measures for a Climate-Neutral Berlin 1609.6 Conclusions 162Acknowledgement 164Literature/References 16410 City, Neighbourhood and Citizens: Putting the ‘20-Minute’ Idea to Work in Edinburgh 167Alice Creasy, Matthew Lane, and Dan van der Horst10.1 Introduction 16710.2 The 20-Minute Idea 16910.3 Case Study: Putting the 20-Minute Concept to Work in Edinburgh 17610.4 Discussion 185Acknowledgements 188References 18811 From Smart Urbanism to Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan: A Critical Evaluation of the Case of Cagliari 195Chiara Garau, Giulia Desogus, and Vincenza Torrisi11.1 Introduction: Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP) 19511.2 Comparison Between the Guidelines for Italian PUMS and the Guidelines of the mcc 19711.3 Results and Discussion 20811.4 Conclusions 210Acknowledgements 210References 21112 Analysing India’s Smart Cities Mission from a Sustainability Perspective 215Sarbeswar Praharaj12.1 Introduction 21512.2 Overview of the Smart Cities Mission in India 21712.3 Untangling the Indian Smart City Models 21912.4 Sustainability Assessment of Indian Smart Cities 22112.5 Discussion and Conclusions 231References 23313 Energy Transitions and Smart Cities in Russia 237Irina Ilina and Michinaga Kohno13.1 Introduction 23713.2 National Climate Policy 23713.3 Cities in the Climate and Energy Agendas 24113.4 The Digitalisation of Energy and Smart Cities 24213.5 Conclusions 246References 24714 Energy Poverty in Cities: A Behaviourally Informed Perspective 249Nives Della Valle14.1 Introduction 24914.2 An Additional Lens to Approaching Urban Energy Poverty 25114.3 Limitations and Ways Forward 25614.4 Conclusions 257Disclaimer 257References 258Part III Technologies and Data for Smart and Low-carbon Urban Futures 26315 Smart Energy Future and Smart Cities 265Wadim Strielkowski15.1 Introduction 26515.2 The Concept of the Smart City 26615.3 Growing Importance of Cities 26615.4 Smart Technologies and Energy 26815.5 Energy Infrastructure for Smart Cities 26915.6 Concluding Remarks 272References 27316 Governing the Transition Towards Smart Grids Through Organised Industry Events 277Suyash Jolly16.1 Introduction 27716.2 Theoretical Background 27816.3 Research Method 28016.4 India Smart Grid Week 2016 28116.5 Discussion: Role of the Event in Facilitating Future Developments 28516.6 Conclusion 287References 28817 Emission Reduction and Renewables Integration Through Distributed Ledger Technology 293Hamid M. Pouran, Komali Yenneti, Mariana Padilha Campos Lopes, Louis Gyoh, and Yong Sheng17.1 Introduction 29317.2 What is the DLT or Blockchain Platform? 29317.3 How DLT Could Catalyse Mitigation of GHG Emissions and Integration of Renewables 29617.4 Concluding Remarks 300References 30018 Just Comfort: District Heating and Cooling as a Sustainable Energy Solution 305Keith Baker and Ronald MouldGlossary of Abbreviations 30518.1 Introduction – A Brief History of District Heating 30518.2 Defining District Heating and Cooling by Generation 30718.3 Technologies and Fuel Supplies 30818.4 District Cooling 31118.5 Lessons from Denmark’s District Heating Revolution 31318.6 District Heating and Cooling as a Solution to Energy Poverty 31618.7 Defining Successful District Heating and Cooling Schemes 31818.8 Concluding Remarks 321References 32219 The Role of Energy-Efficient Buildings in the Post-Carbon Future 327Gloria Pignatta and Shayan Naderi19.1 Introduction 32719.2 Building Retrofitting 33019.3 Thermal Mass Energy Storage 33219.4 Battery Energy Storage 33519.5 Solar Energy Utilisation 33619.6 Energy Flexibility in Buildings and Districts 33919.7 Conclusions 340References 34120 Using Bottom-Up Digital Technologies in Technical Decision-Making for Designing a Low-Carbon Built Environment 347Clarice Bleil de Souza, Camilla Pezzica, and Jakob Hahn20.1 The Role of Bottom-Up Data in Technical Decision-Making 34720.2 Possibilities for Bottom-Up Data Gathering 34920.3 Data Gathered by Sensors on Behalf of the People 35120.4 Data Gathered by Citizen Scientists Using Digital Technologies 35620.5 Challenges in Using Bottom-Up Data in Technical Decision-Making 360Acknowledgements 361References 36121 Street Lighting as a Dimension of Smart Energy Cities 365Mary Thornbush and Oleg Golubchikov21.1 Introduction 36521.2 Hardwiring the City 36521.3 Street Lighting Efficiency 36621.4 Smart Lighting 36721.5 System of Street Lights Controller 36721.6 Connected Security Lighting System 36821.7 The ‘Smart Pole’ 36821.8 Dynamic Lighting Control System 36921.9 Conclusions 370References 370Index 373