Smart Antennas for 5G+

David A. Sánchez-Hernández, PhD, is a Full Professor holding the Antennas & Propagation and 5G Chair position at Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain, and founder of EMITE Ingeniería, S.L., Spain.Steven R. Best, PhD, is Senior Principal Electromagnetics and Sensor Systems Engineer with the MITRE Corporation, located in Bedford, MA.Manos M. Tentzeris, PhD, is an Ed and Pat Joy Chair Professor with the School of ECE at Georgia Tech, USA.Sungtek Kahng, PhD, is a Professor with Incheon National University, Head of Korea’s Ministry of Science and ICT-sponsored research and development center on RF and Satellite Communication and an Executive Director at the Korean Institute of Communication and Information Science and the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineering.Gert F. Pedersen, PhD, is a Full Professor heading the Antenna, Propagation and Millimetre-Wave Systems Laboratory at Aalborg University, Denmark.

• List of Figures ixAbout the Authors xixForeword xxiiiAcknowledgements xxvList of Acronyms xxix1 Introduction: The Path to 5G and Beyond 1David A. Sánchez-Hernández and Steven R. BestIntroduction 12 The 5G Physical Layer 13Steven R. Best2.1 Introduction 132.2 The Physical and Data Link Layers 172.3 1G to 4G Cellular Networks 192.4 5g 222.5 Massive MIMO 242.6 The Importance of Antennas in 5G 262.6.1 The 5G gNodeB Advanced Antenna System (AAS) 272.6.2 Antennas for Sub-7 GHz 5G FR1 User Equipment 322.6.3 Antennas for mmWave 5G FR2 User Equipment 332.7 5G mmWave Link Budget Example (Downlink) 352.8 Conclusions 373 Fully Integrated 5G Broadband Antennas and Wireless Modules 39Manos M. Tentzeris and Charles A. Lynch3.1 Introduction 393.2 Broadband Antennas Covering the mmWave Bands for 5G and B5G Applications 413.2.1 3D and Inkjet Printing Broadband 5G AiP 413.2.2 Additive Manufacturing 5G Module with Broadband AiP 463.2.3 Semi-Additive Manufacturing Broadband 5G AiP on Glass Substrate 523.3 Additively Manufactured Shape-Changing Reconfigurable Frequency Selective Surfaces for mmWave/5G Applications 563.3.1 A Fully Inkjet-Printed FSSs Based on Origami “Eggbox” Structure with Four Degrees of Freedom 583.3.2 Novel 4D-Printed Miura-ori Origami-Inspired FSS Structure 633.4 5G+ Integrated Wireless Modules for Communications, Powering, and Sensing Applications 643.4.1 Energy-Autonomous Dual Rotman Lens-Based Harmonic mmID for Ultra-Long-Range Sensing 643.4.2 “Smart” Packaged Localizable mmIDs 693.5 Additively Manufactured Massively Scalable Electronic Steerable Antenna Arrays for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces 723.6 Rotman Lens-Based 5G-Enabled Wireless Power Grid 773.7 Conclusions 814 Metamaterial 5G Beamforming Antennas 83Sungtek Kahng4.1 Mobile Handset Antennas for Sub-6-GHz Bands of B5G and 6G 834.2 Millimeter Wave Antennas for B5G and 6G 1034.3 Metamaterial Antennas for B5G and 6G 1224.4 Comparative OTA Test Results for B5G and 6G Antennas 1284.5 Conclusions 1425 Key Performance Indicators for 5G+ Terminal Antennas 145David A. Sánchez-Hernández5.1 Introduction 1455.2 5G OTA Test Methods So Far 1465.3 The Challenges for Effective 5G+ OTA Testing 1565.3.1 Fully Integrated Antenna Arrays 1565.3.2 DUT Form Factors 1575.3.3 Spatial Agility 1595.3.4 Channel Modeling 1605.4 Some Effective 5G+ Key Performance Indicators 1615.4.1 Averaged Spectral Efficiency 1615.4.2 Beamforming SNR Increase (BSNRI) 1635.4.3 Beamforming Battery Consumption 1635.4.4 Beamforming Temperature Increase 1635.4.5 Beamforming Capacity Gain 1665.4.6 Beamforming Averaged Latency 1695.4.7 End-to-End Latency 1705.4.8 RF Latency 1725.4.9 DL/UL FTP/TCP/UDP Throughput 1735.4.10 True Throughput 1745.4.11 Peak Downlink Throughput 1745.4.12 Peak Uplink Throughput 1755.5 Conclusions 1766 Effective Testing of 5G Radios and Antennas 179Gert F. Pedersen and Wei Fan6.1 Introduction 1796.2 Calibration Testing of the 5G Antenna Systems 1806.2.1 Experimental Comparison of On–Off and All-On Calibration Modes 1806.2.1.1 Measurement Campaign 1826.2.1.2 Measurement Results 1856.2.2 All-on Calibration Methods 1866.2.2.1 Complex Signal-based Measurement 1866.2.3 Amplitude-only Measurement 1936.3 Performance Testing of 5G Radios 1956.3.1 Standardization Processing in 3GPP 1966.3.1.1 Measurement Methodologies 1976.3.1.2 Channel Models 2026.3.2 MPAC Results for 5G 2076.3.2.1 Channel Validation Results 2076.3.2.2 Typical Throughput Testing Results in 5G Trials 2106.3.3 CATR Results for 5G 2156.3.3.1 Working Principle 2156.3.3.2 Validation 2246.3.3.3 5G Test Results 2276.4 Conclusions 2327 Conclusions and Future Challenges 235David A. Sánchez-Hernández, Steven R. Best, Manos M. Tentzeris, Sungtek Kahng, and Gert F. Pedersen7.1 Conclusions and Future Challenges for 5G+ Radio System Testing 2357.1.1 Antenna Design and Manufacturing Challenges 2367.1.2 Standardized Testing 2387.1.2.1 Mpac 2387.1.2.2 Rts 2397.1.2.3 Rc 2407.1.2.4 Catr 2407.1.3 Non-standardized Testing 241References 243Index 261