Christopher F. Karpowitz is associate professor of political science and associate director of the Center for the Study of Elections and Democracy at Brigham Young University. Tali Mendelberg is professor of politics at Princeton University. She is the author of The Race Card: Campaign Strategy, Implicit Messages, and the Norm of Equality (Princeton).

• List of Illustrations ix List of Tables xii Acknowledgments xv Introduction 1 Chapter 1: The Problem 8 Chapter 2: The Sources of the Gender Gap in Political Participation 33 Chapter 3: Why Women Don't Speak 51 Chapter 4: The Deliberative Justice Experiment 97 Chapter 5: Speech as a Form of Participation: Floor Time and Perceived Influence 114 Chapter 6: What Makes Women the "Silent Sex" When Their Status Is Low? 143 Chapter 7: Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women's Distinctive Voice? 167 Chapter 8: Unpacking the Black Box of Interaction 200 Chapter 9: When Women Speak, Groups Listen--Sometimes: How and When Women's Voice Shapes the Group's Generosity 239 Chapter 10: Gender Inequality in School Boards 273 Conclusion 305 Appendixes 359 References 409 Index 445

Co-Winners of the 2015 Best Book Award, Experimental Research Section of the American Political Science Association Winner of the 2015 Robert E. Lane Award, Political Psychology Section of the American Political Science Association Winner of the 2015 David O. Sears Book Award, International Society of Political Psychology "This book examines the extent of the contributions by men and women to public discussions about subjects of common concern. Karpowitz and Mendelberg find evidence of a significant difference in contributions--with men contributing more--and show how gender composition and rules dramatically affect what a group ultimately decides."--Choice

Christopher F. Karpowitz is associate professor of political science and associate director of the Center for the Study of Elections and Democracy at Brigham Young University. Tali Mendelberg is professor of politics at Princeton University. She is the author of The Race Card: Campaign Strategy, Implicit Messages, and the Norm of Equality (Princeton).

• List of Illustrations ix List of Tables xii Acknowledgments xv Introduction 1 Chapter 1: The Problem 8 Chapter 2: The Sources of the Gender Gap in Political Participation 33 Chapter 3: Why Women Don't Speak 51 Chapter 4: The Deliberative Justice Experiment 97 Chapter 5: Speech as a Form of Participation: Floor Time and Perceived Influence 114 Chapter 6: What Makes Women the "Silent Sex" When Their Status Is Low? 143 Chapter 7: Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women's Distinctive Voice? 167 Chapter 8: Unpacking the Black Box of Interaction 200 Chapter 9: When Women Speak, Groups Listen--Sometimes: How and When Women's Voice Shapes the Group's Generosity 239 Chapter 10: Gender Inequality in School Boards 273 Conclusion 305 Appendixes 359 References 409 Index 445

Co-Winners of the 2015 Best Book Award, Experimental Research Section of the American Political Science Association Winner of the 2015 Robert E. Lane Award, Political Psychology Section of the American Political Science Association Winner of the 2015 David O. Sears Book Award, International Society of Political Psychology "This book examines the extent of the contributions by men and women to public discussions about subjects of common concern. Karpowitz and Mendelberg find evidence of a significant difference in contributions--with men contributing more--and show how gender composition and rules dramatically affect what a group ultimately decides."--Choice

Christopher F. Karpowitz is associate professor of political science and associate director of the Center for the Study of Elections and Democracy at Brigham Young University. Tali Mendelberg is professor of politics at Princeton University. She is the author of The Race Card: Campaign Strategy, Implicit Messages, and the Norm of Equality (Princeton).

• List of Illustrations ix List of Tables xii Acknowledgments xv Introduction 1 Chapter 1: The Problem 8 Chapter 2: The Sources of the Gender Gap in Political Participation 33 Chapter 3: Why Women Don't Speak 51 Chapter 4: The Deliberative Justice Experiment 97 Chapter 5: Speech as a Form of Participation: Floor Time and Perceived Influence 114 Chapter 6: What Makes Women the "Silent Sex" When Their Status Is Low? 143 Chapter 7: Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women's Distinctive Voice? 167 Chapter 8: Unpacking the Black Box of Interaction 200 Chapter 9: When Women Speak, Groups Listen--Sometimes: How and When Women's Voice Shapes the Group's Generosity 239 Chapter 10: Gender Inequality in School Boards 273 Conclusion 305 Appendixes 359 References 409 Index 445

Co-Winners of the 2015 Best Book Award, Experimental Research Section of the American Political Science Association Winner of the 2015 Robert E. Lane Award, Political Psychology Section of the American Political Science Association Winner of the 2015 David O. Sears Book Award, International Society of Political Psychology "This book examines the extent of the contributions by men and women to public discussions about subjects of common concern. Karpowitz and Mendelberg find evidence of a significant difference in contributions--with men contributing more--and show how gender composition and rules dramatically affect what a group ultimately decides."--Choice