Shallow Geothermal Systems

The study group Geothermie is a joint study group working since March 2007. Its members are of the section Hydrology of the Deutsche Geologischen Geselschaft - Geologische Vereinigung e.V. (DGGV, formerly DGG) and the section Ingenieurgeologie of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Geotechnik e.V. (DGGT) and the DGGV.

• Preface  IX Acknowledgements  XIIIList of Figures  XVList of Tables XXVPreamble XXVIINotation XXIX1 Introduction  12 Principles  52.1 Geological, hydrogeological and geotechnical principles  52.2 Geothermal principles 122.3 Solar energy zone  292.4 Geosolar transition zone  312.5 Terrestrial zone  352.6 Anthropogenic thermal influence  362.7 Interaction between geothermal energy systems and the ground 372.7.1 Hydrochemical interactions  392.7.2 Interactions between geothermal systems and groundwater organisms 393 Geothermal energy installations  413.1 Closed systems  423.1.1 Borehole heat exchangers (downhole heat exchangers) 423.1.2 Heat pipes 503.1.3 Horizontal collectors 513.1.4 Thermal piles and concrete components in contact with the soil  553.2 Open systems (direct use of groundwater) 593.2.1 Well systems 613.2.2 Geothermal energy in conjunction with mines and underground workings 653.3 Geothermal energy storage concepts  703.3.1 Aquifer thermal energy storage  703.3.2 Borehole thermal energy storage  713.3.3 Cavern thermal energy storage (CTES) 724 Legislative principles  734.1 Water legislation 734.1.1 European regulations  734.1.2 National law 744.2 Mining legislation 744.3 Natural mineral deposits legislation  754.4 Nature and landscape conservation  754.4.1 The european ‘natura 2000’ ecological network  754.4.2 Nature and landscape conservation  764.5 Environmental impact assessment  774.6 Non-statutory regulations  775 Planning principles 785.1 Project workflow 795.1.1 Establishing the basis of the project  795.1.2 Preliminary design  805.1.3 Final design  805.1.4 Building permission application  815.1.5 Detailed design  815.1.6 Preparing for contract award and assisting in award process 825.1.7 Supervising and setting up the operation  825.2 Surveying requirements for BHE installations  835.2.1 Geothermal category 1 835.2.2 Exploratory measures for category 1 845.2.3 Geothermal category 2 845.2.4 Additional exploratory measures for category 2  845.2.5 Geothermal category 3 845.2.6 Additional exploratory measures for category 3  845.3 Models for simulating heat transfer 856 Boreholes and completion 916.1 Drilling methods 916.2 Equipment in boreholes 946.3 Boreholes: deviation from the vertical  976.4 Geological and hydrogeological influences 1046.5 Response test methods 1096.5.1 GRT concepts and measuring principle  1106.5.2 Evaluation. 1116.5.3 Thermal resistance of borehole 1156.5.4 Quality control with the help of the GRT  1176.5.5 Evaluation of unsteady GRT data  1186.5.6 Cylinder source method 1196.5.7 Enhanced geothermal response test  1367 Design, construction and operation of closed systems  1437.1 sBHE systems  1437.1.1 Detailed design  1437.1.2 Backfilling the annular space 1557.1.3 Requirements profile for backfill material  1587.1.4 BHEs that are not fully sealed 1777.1.5 Pressure and flow tests for BHEs  1797.1.6 Thermal transfer fluids 1907.1.7 Horizontal connecting pipes and connection to building services  1947.1.8 Commissioning, operation and maintenance 1967.1.9 Documentation 1997.1.10 Abandoning and decommissioning  2007.2 Horizontal collectors 2017.2.1 Planning and designing collector systems 2017.2.2 Installation of horizontal collectors  2057.2.3 Installation of geothermal energy baskets  2057.2.4 Laying the pipes 2067.2.5 Filling and bleeding 2067.2.6 Thermal transfer fluids 2077.2.7 Pressure tests 2077.2.8 Commissioning 2077.2.9 Documentation 2077.2.10 Operation of horizontal collector 2097.2.11 Effects of operating horizontal collectors 2097.2.12 Abandoning and decommissioning  2108 Design, construction and operation of open systems 2118.1 Well systems 2118.1.1 Detailed design 2188.1.2 Site supervision, quality assurance, documentation  2208.1.3 Pumping and well tests 2208.1.4 Commissioning, operation and maintenance 2208.1.5 Hydrochemical and microbiological influences 2258.1.6 Documentation 2308.1.7 Abandoning and decommissioning  2308.1.8 Practical example of a well system  2308.2 Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) 2359 Risk potential 2369.1 The 5-M method 2369.1.1 Man 2369.1.2 Method 2379.1.3 Materials 2389.1.4 Machines 2399.1.5 Medium 2399.1.6 Summary 2409.2 Geological risks  2419.2.1 Rocks with swelling or subsidence potential 2419.2.2 Soluble rocks  2419.2.3 Overconsolidated rocks and rocks susceptible to pore water pressure 2429.2.4 Tectonics 2429.2.5 Mass movements  2439.2.6 Collapses, subsidence and mining subsidence  2439.2.7 Gas escape  2439.3 Hydrogeological risks 2449.3.1 Confined and artesian groundwater  2449.3.2 Multi-layer groundwater systems 2459.3.3 Hydrochemical gradients  2459.3.4 Venting 2469.3.5 Water quality  2469.4 Environmental risks  2479.4.1 Legacy pollution and deposits  2479.4.2 Mining, mining damage 2489.5 Risks during BHE installation  2489.6 Operational risks 249Literature 253Glossary 264

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